初中英语语法知识讲座

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动词-ing形式分为："动名词"和"现在分词"两种形式。它是由动词原形加上-ing构成的，它和不定式一样也是非谓语动词的一种。
一、动名词
1. 形式：动名词有四种形式，即主动一般式，被动一般式，主动完成式，被动完成式。
2. 用法  
(1)作主语 Smoking is harmful to health. 吸烟对健康有害。 Collecting shells is one of his hobbies. 收集贝壳是他的爱好之一。  
(2)作宾语 We enjoy swimming very much. 我们很喜欢游泳。 Do you like drinking some water? 你想喝点水吗？  
(3) 作定语 They want to organize a stamp collecting club. 他们想组织一个集邮俱乐部。
二、现在分词
1. 形式：及物动词的现在分词有四种形式，即主动语态的一般式和完成式，被动语态的一般式和完成式。不及物动词只有前两种形式，它没有被动语态。
2. 用法
(1)作定语 The pot is full of boiling water. 壶里装满了沸腾的水。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你认识躺在大树底下的那个男孩吗？ 现在分词作定语时，表示所修饰人或物的动作；而动名词作定语时，则表示这个东西是具有某种用途的。 现在分词 动名词 waiting car 等待着的汽车 waiting room 候车室 working people 劳动人民 working method 工作方法 sleeping child 睡着的小孩 sleeping car卧车  
(2)作宾语补足语 We found the story very interesting. 我们觉得这个故事很有趣。 I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我听到有人打破了窗户。  
(3)作表语 The news is very exciting. 这条消息很激动人心。 The story is very moving. 这个故事很感人。  
(4)作状语 They came home smiling and singing.他们笑着、唱着回了家。 Being ill, she had to stay at home.因为病了，她只好呆在家里

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第1章 主谓一致
一.概念:
主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致.
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致.
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,
一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数.例如:
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式.例如:
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要.
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词.例如:
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义.
典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑.这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词.后面的职务用and 相连.这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B.
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.例如:
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔,一把小刀和几本书.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩.
2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致.例如:
Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔,信封和纸.
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致.例如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂.
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船.
4. 谓语需用单数的情况
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数.例如:
Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机.
There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了.
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书.
3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.例如:
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备.
Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了.
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.例如:
All is right. 一切顺利.
All are present. 人都到齐了.

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第2章 动词的时态
概念:
时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday.例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家.
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部.
3) 表示格言或警句.例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.
4) 现在时刻的状态,能力,性格,个性.例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
2. 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.例如:
Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎.
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了".例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了.
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了.
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'.例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问,请求,建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.例如:I thought you might have some.
我以为你想要一些.
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间.)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.例如:
Did you want anything else 您还要些什么吗
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下.
2)情态动词 could, would.例如:
Could you lend me your bike 你的自行车,能借用一些吗
3.一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替.will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first 我先读哪一段呢
Will you be at home at seven this evening 今晚七点回家好吗
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来.
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.例如:What are you going to do tomorrow 明天打算作什么呢
b. 计划,安排要发生的事.例如:The play is going to be produced next month.这出戏下月开播.
c. 有迹象要发生的事.例如ook at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了.
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告.
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事.例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京.
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
4. 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开.
When does the bus star It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开 十分钟后.
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了.
3)在时间或条件句中.例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你.
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中.例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.
5. 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week 你会在这儿呆到下周吗
6. 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成:have (has) +过去分词.
7. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语.
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语.
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等.
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

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8. 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市.
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌.
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
9.过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成.
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时.例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…".例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.
10. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了
12现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情.例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你.
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红.
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意.

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13. 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.
14. 将来进行时
1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情.例如:
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他.
注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等.例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢.
15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈.
16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ) "书上说","报纸上说"等.例如:
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的.
2) 叙述往事,使其生动.例如:
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了
17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等.例如:
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了.
2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …".例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了.
18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时.
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时.例如:
There goes the bell. 铃响了.
19. 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动.例如:
Are you staying with us this weekend 和我们一起度周末好吗
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走.
2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等.例如:
He is dying. 他要死了.
20.时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时.例如:
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的.
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了.
2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的.例如:
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相.

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第三章 动词的语态
一.概念:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式.例如:
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了.
---> The strange was let go.
2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替.例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾.
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻.
3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成.例如:
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态.例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几.
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法.解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累.
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等.例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致.
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等.例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态.例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦.
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态.例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.

wangluo

5. 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等.例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好.
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用.
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等.例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责.
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式.例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了.
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读.
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等.例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话.
6. 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等.例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学.
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可.例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了.
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义.例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了.
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗.