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板凳
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发表于 2009-3-7 08:16:00
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3.恭维与赞扬
恭维语在美国社会的各种场合经常、广泛地使用,起着各种各样的作用。它们就象问候。感谢及道歉语一样成了一种套话。在美国社会中,人们通过赞扬、夸奖来鼓励某些合自己心意的行为。在美国学校,教师在教学中经常通过赞扬来鼓励学生,如:
You know something, Tom. You did a good job.
又如 Lesson10中,Class 3的学生赢了校运会的接力赛,老师在班上称赞道:
Well done, everyone!
人们也通过赞扬和恭维来建立及维护社会关系,还常用它们来代替道歉、问候、感谢等套语,如:
That's a delicious dinner. Thanks for having us.
也用它们来缓和批评的锋芒,如用 compliments + but/though + criticism的形式:
Listen, I think you are doing a good job with their classes, but please tell them to stay out of the office at lunch time.
两位关系密切的朋友之间,在坦率地评价对方做的事情之前通常要先赞扬一番,如:
On the whole, the play was a great success but the ending still left something to be desired.
两位近来不曾相见的朋友或同事再度相见时常恭维几句作为问候的一部分或代替问候套语,如: Hi, Mary, haven't seen you for a long time. You look so good. You've lost weight.(吴长镛,1996)
在美国社会中赞美、恭维语也常用来作为交谈的引子。恭维的内容主要有个人的外貌、外表、新买的东西、个人的财物、个人在某方面出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力(打扮)的结果,而不是她的天生丽质。美国人一般避免恭维后者。因此恭维别人的发型很多,恭维别人漂亮的头发很少。人们经常恭维别人漂亮的衣服或明显的减肥,但很少恭维别人说:“You are beautiful”而常说:“You look nice/You are looking good today.”一方面,“good”和“nice”比”beauatiful”要弱;另一方面,用了look似乎表示这种状况并不是永久性的,而可能是努力的结果。有时在这种笼统的恭维后面再具体恭维某人的发型、服饰或减肥。人们经常赞美的其它东西是家具、房子、汽车及别的财物,如:“I think your apartment is fantastic.”有时也称赞对方的孩子可爱,偶尔也夸奖对方的其他亲戚、朋友等,如:“Your baby is adorable.”“I like your friends.”
除上述诸方面外,赞扬、恭维得最多的是某人通过努力或技术做出的成绩,如干得很好的活、技巧很高的比赛、一顿好饭等。在这一类的赞扬、恭维中,人们的注意力不放在某人的技术、天才或艰巨的工作本身,而是把注意力集中在努力的结果,如:“You do this kind of writing so well. It has just the right tone.(吴长镛,1996)
对别人的赞美、恭维,最普通的回答是说:“Thank you.”有时人们甚至可同意夸奖的话,例如:
— What a lovely room you've got!
— Tank you. Personally I think it's one of the nicest in this block.(潘景森译,1987)
但是象这样表示同意的话通常只能用来谈论东西,而不能用来谈论能力。有时可以否认或贬低受赞美的东西的价值,但又不明显地 否认对方的赞美(即部分接受,部分不接受)。做法是把注意力集中在未具体受赞美的某种特性。如:
A: Oh,this house is adorable.
B: Well, it's really small, though.(吴长镛,1996)
有时可以作相应的讨论,既不表示直接接受又不断然拒绝,如:
A: That's a lovely blouse you're wearing!
B: Well, I went shopping on Saturday and happened to see it in one of the stores.
有时也可以用夸奖话回敬对方,如:
A:You are looking very smart today.
B: Thank you. So are you.
有时也可以老老实实地讨论夸奖活,如:
A: Oh,you've had your hair permed!It looks beautiful.
B:Do you really think so?I wasn't sure whether it suited me or not.
如果感到夸奖的话不真实,可以老老实实地表示不接受。如果中国人主要是出于礼貌夸奖外国人讲的中国话,那么外国人就可能这样回答:“Oh, I wish that were true!”(潘昌森译,1987)
当别人称赞自己工作干得出色,回答时往往说自己运气好或者工具好,也可说是由于努力的结果,而非天才。如:
①A: Boy,that's nice work.I don't know how you do it.
B:It's easy when you have good tools .
②A:I really like the way you play banjo. I heard some licks there I'd never heard before.
B:Well,they just come from sitting and practising.
在美国社会中,绝大部分赞美、恭维的人和受赞美、受恭维的人年龄、地位相仿。如地位不同时,通常是地位高的人称赞、鼓励地位低的人,称赞他们的能力、表现等。而地位低的人称赞、恭维地位高的人的时候,通常是赞美、恭维他们的外表或个人拥有的财物等(吴长镛,1996)。
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