第三章代词(一)
代词就是用来代替名词,名词性词组或短语和句子的。代词的任务是使语言简练而表达准确。代词大多数都具有名词和形容词的功能。在同一环境中,当人名或其他一些名词第二次使用时,通常都用代词进行替代。代词的使用机率非常高,这是为了避免语言的重复。
一、代词的概况
1.代词的分类
代词按其意义、特征以及句法功能,可分为:
人称代词:I, you, he, she, it, we, they;
物主代词:my, his, her, its, our, your, their; mine, his, hers, its , ours, yours, theirs;
指示代词:this, that, these, those, such, (the)same, so;
反身代词:myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves;
相互代词:each other, one another;
疑问代词:who, whom, whose, what, which; whoever, whatever, whichever;
关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, as, but, that; whoever, whichever;
不定代词:some(someone, somebody, something) any(anybody, anyone, a nything), all, another, few, little, many, much, one, other, everyone, both, eac h, either, everything;
连接代词:who, whom, which, what.
2.代词的性、数、格的变化
(1)代词中只有人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的单数第三人称有性的区别,如:she, he ; her, his; herself, himself。
提示:另外,修辞上习惯把sun, war, ocean, sea等用he来代替;把 moon, earth, motherland, peace, ship等用she来代替;把baby, pet等用it来代替。
(2)各种代词都有单数和复数的区别。例如:each, every, another, the other, someone, everything等都是表示单数意义的代词;both, all, a few, many, seve ral等都是表示复数意义的代词。
代词的单复数主要通过三种方式体现:
①通过不同人称的相应形式的变化体现单复数。
he, she, it--they;I--we;
my--our;mine--ours;
me--us;him, her, it--them;
myself--ourselves; yourself--yourselves
②通过句子的含义确定 what, who, which, any, some 等代词的单复数。
They have a new teacher this term.
他们这学期有一位新老师。
Who is he or she? (单数)
他或她是谁?
They have several new teachers this term.
他们这学期有几位新老师。
Who are they?(复数)
他们是谁?
① 先行词和单复数决定了关系代词 who, which, that 等的单复数。
Do you know the man who is talki ng to the headmaster?
你认识那个正在跟校长说话的人吗?
Do you know the men who are in the sitting room?
你认识客厅里的那些人吗?
(3)代词有主格、宾格和所有格的变化:
①人称代词有主格、所有格和宾格的变化。
I(主格)--my(形容词性所有格) mine(名词性所有格)--me(宾格)
he(主格)--his(形容词性所有格) his(名词性所有格)--him(宾格)
she(主格)--her(形容词性所有格) hers(名词性所有格)--her(宾格)
it(主格)--its(形容词性所有格) its(名词性所有格)--it(宾格)
we(主格)--our(形容词性所有格) ours(名词性所有格)--us(宾格)
②相互代词和不定代词有所有格的变化:
one's, ones, other's, others',
each other's, one another's,
anybody's, somebody's,
everybody's, nobody's
二、人称代词
替代人或事物的代词被称为人称代词。
1.人称代词的用法
(1)作主语:
We enjoy swimming in summer.
我们夏天喜欢游泳。
Both the brothers are the explorers.
兄弟俩都是探险家。
(2)作直接宾语:
Who went to meet her at the airport yesterday?
昨天谁去机场接她的?
(3)作间接宾语:
Will you show me the way to the school?
你可以指给我去学校的路吗?
(4)作介词的宾语:
She often goes to school together with me.
她经常与我一块儿去上学。
(5)作表语:
It is he that lost my bike.
是他把我的车弄丢了。
Who is it? It's me.
是谁? 是我。
2.多个人称代词同时使用时的排列顺序
当几个不同的人称代词作主语时,I和me总是放在最后一位(表示礼貌)。顺序是:
单数:you+he/she+I/me
复数:we+you+they
例如:You, she and I are in the same group.
我、你和她在同一个小组。
You, he and I should return on time.
我、你和他都应按时返回。
代词并列有顺序,单数并列2 3 1,复数并列1 2 3,若把错误责任担,第一人称最当先。时时注意比身份,人总要在动物前。单身男女同时到,男士反而要优先。
3.人称代词复数we, you, they的泛指用法
we, you, they在句中有时并不表示特定的人,因此不用译为“我们”、“你们”、“他们 ”。
例如:They speak French on that island.
在那个岛上,人们说法语。
You never realize what will happen.
人们没有意识到将要发生什么事情。
We had a good harvest this year.
今年这里获得了一个大丰收。
4.人称代词it的特殊用法
(1)表示天气、时间和距离等。
It was wet all day yesterday.
昨天一整天都是小雨不断。(指天气)
What time is it? It's nine o'clock.
几点了? 九点了。(指时间)
It's about two hours' walk.
步行大约两个小时。(指距离)
(2)it 用于打电话时,指人。
“Hello, it is Susan.”
“喂,我是苏姗。”
(3)用 it 代替婴儿或小孩。
Look at the baby, it has just fallen asleep.
看那个孩子,她刚睡着。
(4)it 作形式主语或形式宾语。
It is polite to say hello to others when you meet th em.(形式主语)
当你遇到别人时,打声招呼是礼貌行为。
She found it easy to finish all the exercises.
她觉得做完所有的练习很容易。(形式宾语)
(5)it 用于强调句型。
例如:It is her father who is a policeman.
原来她的父亲是一名警察。
It was a watch that I received on my birthday.
我生日那天收到的是一块手表。
三、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫作物主代词。
1.物主代词的种类
物主代词分为名词性和形容词性的两类物主代词:
形容词性:my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
2.物主代词的用法
(1)物主代词的使用,一定要与它所修饰的名词在人称、数和性等方面一致 ;当需要泛指或不清楚性别时,用his或their来表示。
例如:
Each woman has her own style of dressing.
|