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知识加油站-词汇语法

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8#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:25:00 | 只看该作者
Unit 11 语法:间接引语(九年级)



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当我们引用别人的话语时,我们可以用别人的原话,也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来。如果引用别人的话时,被引用部分就称为直接引语,否则为间接引语。例如:

直接引语:He said, "I’ll be back next week."

间接引语:He said that he would be back the next week.

直接引语常用引号括起来,间接引语一般会构成一个宾语从句。



1)直接引语是陈述句时,改为间接引语时要注意以下四点:宾语从句常用连词that 引导(that可省略);根据意思改变人称;主从句中的谓语动词要一致;根据意思将指示代词(this, that, these, those),地点状语及时间状语作必要的变更。例如:

She said, "My sister will arrive here this weekend."

She said (that) her sister would arrive there that weekend.



2)在特殊情况下,有些地方不必变更。例如:

He said, "I will leave for Shanghai tomorrow."

如果是当天转述别人的话时,不需要更改tomorrow。

He said that he would leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

如果是已过了这个时间,后来再转述时,则必须更改时间。

He said that he would leave for Shanghai the next day.



3)在引用一个特殊疑问句(由what, which, when, where, why, how, how many, how much等引导的问句)时,除了注意人称,时态及时间状语地点状语的变更之外,还要特别注意特殊疑问句句中的语序,应该由疑问句语序改为陈述语序,即把主语放在谓语动词之前。例如:

He asked me, "Where is the nearest bank?"

= He asked me where the nearest bank was.

She asked, "What does he like?"

= She asked what he liked.



4)在引用一个一般疑问句(用yes或no回答的问句)时,选择疑问句及反意疑问句时,在引语前边加whether或if“是否”。例如:

My teacher asked me, "Do you go to school by bus?"

= My teacher asked me whether I go to school by bus.

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9#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:25:00 | 只看该作者
Unit 10 语法:过去完成时(九年级)



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过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,它所指的时间为“过去的过去”,其构成为“助动词had + 过去分词”,它的用法有以下两种:



1.在简单句中的使用:



1) By + 过去时间,“到……为止”。例如:

By yesterday, I had realized I was wrong.

到昨天为止,我已经意识到我错了。



2)By the end of + 过去时间,“到……末为止”。例如:

By the end of last term, we had learned 2,000 new words.

到上学期末为止,我们已经学了2000个单词。



3)By the time + 过去时的从句,“当……时”。例如:

By the time I got to cinema, the film had been on for 10 minutes.



2. 在复合句中的使用:



在复合句中,当晚发生的动作用过去时,早发生的动作用“过去的过去”,即两个动作有明显的先后,后发生的动作用过去时,早发生的动作就用过去完成时。



1)在宾语从句中的使用:

He said (that) he had never been to Paris.

他说他从来没去过巴黎。

I realized (that) I had met him before.

我意识到我以前见过他。



2)在时间状语从句中的使用:

When the police arrived, the thief had already run away.

当警察到达时,小偷已经跑掉了。(跑掉早发生)

After he had finished his homework, he had a rest.

做完作业后,他休息了。(做完作业早发生)

Before I came here, I had worked in that school for 14 years.

在我来这里之前,我在那所学校里工作了14年。



3)在表示“意愿(虚拟);意向,原以为,原打算”时:

If you had helped him yesterday, he would have finished the work.

如果你昨天帮帮他,他早就把工作做完了。(与过去事实相反,虚拟语气)

I wish I had been to Paris.

我希望我去过巴黎。

I had hoped she would come, but she didn’t.

我原希望她能来,但是她没来。(希望过去的事情,虚拟语气)


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10#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:25:00 | 只看该作者

语法  



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本单元的语法为婉转地提出请求和征求对方许可。使用could比can礼貌得多。

Could you please close the window? Yes,sure.

你把窗子关上好吗?当然可以。

Could I go to the movies tonight?

今晚我可以去看电影吗?   

No,you can’t.You have to finish the homework first.

    不能,你得先把作业做完。

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11#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:25:00 | 只看该作者

单词与表达  



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1. trash  n.(Am.E)垃圾;废物;残屑  rubbish  n.(Bri.E)

a trash-can   一个垃圾箱

Could you please take out the trash when you go out?

当你出去时能把垃圾拿出去吗?



2.chore  n.(可数名词)杂务,杂事,日常的普通工作

housework  家务,do the chores  做杂务,do housework 做家务活

She often helps her mother do the chores.

她经常帮助她妈妈干杂活。

Who does the housework in your house?

在你家谁做家务?



3.hate  v. 讨厌;憎恨;憎恶   hatred  n.hateful  adj.

He looked at me with hatred.

他生气地看着我。

hate to do/hate doing sth   讨厌干某事

like to do/like doing sth   喜欢干某事

hate和like接不定式或动名词在意思上没有多大区别。一般情况下,不定式表示某一次或某几次的动作,而动名词表示经常性的行为。

I like swimming.  

我喜欢游泳。

He hates getting up early.  

他讨厌早起。

I hate to trouble you.

我不愿意麻烦你。



4.borrow  v.借进,借来   lend (lent)  借出

borrow sth from sb   向某人借……

lend sb sth = lend sth to sb   把……借给某人

You can borrow some money from your brother if you want to buy the CD player.

如果你想买那个CD机,你可以向你哥哥借些钱。

Who lent you the bike?

谁借给你自行车的?

注意:在表达“借了多长时间”时,既不能用borrow也不能用lend,因为它们都是终止性动词。要用keep。例如:

How long may I keep the book?

这本书我可以借多长时间?



5.invite  v.邀请   invitation   n.邀请,请柬

invite sb to do sth/to dinner/to the party/to one’s house

邀请某人干某事/吃饭/去参加晚会/去某人家

They invited me to go for a picnic with them last Sunday.

上星期天他们邀请我和他们一起去野餐了。

I got his invitation to his exhibition.

我得到了他展览会的邀请。



6.teenager  n.青少年这个词由teen(十几岁,从13-19)加上age,再加上一r,表示人。

Teenagers are not allowed to drive.

青少年不允许驾驶。



7.feed (fed)  v. 喂养,给予食物

feed sb with sth   用……喂给某人;

feed sth to sb

feed on = live on   以……为主食



8.favor (美)= favour(英) n. 恩惠;善意的行为

do sb a favor = do a favor for sb   帮某人一个忙

in favor of sb   赞成,支持;有利于

Will you please do me a favor?

你能帮我个忙吗?

Was he in favor of votes for women?

他赞成妇女有选举权吗?

The weather is in favor of our team because we are used to such kind of weather.

这种天气对我们的队有利,因为我们已经习惯于这种天气了。



9.fish  n.(可数名词)鱼  fish/fishes(复数)

catch a fish/two fishes/a lot of fishes   捉到一(两,许多)条鱼

fish(不可数名词)鱼肉

I like fish while my brother prefers meat.

我喜欢吃鱼而我弟弟比较喜欢吃肉。

fish(动词) 打鱼,捕鱼,钓鱼

go fishing  去钓鱼

His father often goes fishing on Sundays.

他爸爸经常在星期天去钓鱼。


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12#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:26:00 | 只看该作者

重点短语  



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do the dishes 洗碗 = wash the dishes



sweep the floor   擦地



make one’s bed/make the bed/make the beds  铺床



fold the clothes   叠衣服



do the laundry   洗衣服



stay out late   在外边呆到很晚



have/take a test   (参加)考查;进行测试



study for the math test   准备数学测验



take care of  照看 = look after



play with sb/sth   和某人/宠物一起玩



forget/remember to do   忘记/记住去干某事;



forget/remember doing   忘记/记住干过某事



have/hold a school party   举行学校晚会


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13#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:26:00 | 只看该作者

重点句子  



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1.Could you please clean your room?

你能把你的房间打扫一下吗?

Yes,sure./No problem./of course./Certainly.

当然可以/没问题。

Sorry.I can’t.I have to do my homework first.

对不起,我得先做作业。



2.Could I use your computer?   我能用一下你的电脑吗?

Sorry,I’m going to work on it now.  对不起,我正要用呢。



3.You have to clean your room first.

你得先把房间打扫干净。

have to 是情态动词“不得不”,表示客观“必须”,它具备实义动词的特点——有人称和数的变化,变成否定形式时加助动词“don’t/doesn’t/didn’t”,变为疑问形式时,需要加助动词“Do/Does/Did…”例如:

You don’t have to go there now.

你不必现在去那里。

My friend doesn’t have to go to school by bus because he lives near the school.

我的朋友没必要坐车去上学,因为他住得离学校很近。

Do you have to be there by six o’clock?

你必须在六点钟前赶到那里吗?

---- Does your mother have to take you to school every morning?

---- No,she doesn’t.I am old enough to go to school by myself.

——每天早上你妈妈必须送你去上学吗?

——不,没必要。我已长大可以自己去上学。



4.I hate some chores,but I like other chores.

我讨厌一些杂活,但我喜欢另一些(杂活)。

some 指“一些”时,常和“others 另一些”对应使用。例如:

Some students agree with you,while others/other students disagree.

一些学生同意你的意见,而另一些则不同意。



5.Do you like to do/doing the dishes?   你喜欢洗碗吗?

No,not really.But I like to sweep/sweeping the floor.  不太喜欢。但我喜欢擦地板。



6.How often do you clean your room?   你多长时间打扫一次房间?

Every day./Seldom./Once a week./Every other day.  每天/几乎不/一周一次/每隔一天。

注意:How often ——多么经常……? How soon ——多快……?How long ——多长时间……? How far ——多么远……? 例如:

How soon will the dinner be ready? In ten minutes.

晚饭还有多长时间就做好啊?十分钟后。

How often do you visit your grandmother? Once a month.

你多长时间去看祖母一次? 一月一次。

How far do you live from school? Ten kilometers.

你住得离学校有多远? 十公里。



7.Thanks for taking care of my dog.

谢谢你帮我照看狗。

Thanks for/Thank you for…   “for为介词,在英语中,介词后面要接名词或动名词——即动词后面加一ing形式”,例如:

Thanks for your help/your invitation to your party.

谢谢你的帮助/你的聚会请柬。(help和invitation均为名词)

Thanks for helping me/inviting me to your party.

谢谢你帮助我/你邀请我参加你的聚会。(helping和inviting均为动名词)



8.Take him for a walk.

带它出去散散步。

此类句子为祈使句,省略了主语“You”,表示请求,命令,建议等等。例如:

Give him water and feed him.

要给他水喝,给他喂食。

Then wash his bowl.

然后把他的碗洗干净。

Don’t forget to clean his bed.

不要忘记给他清理睡觉的床。



9.I went to your home,but you weren’t in.

我去你家了,可你不在家。

be in  在家(表示状态)  stay at home = stay home  呆在家里(第一个home为名词;第二个home为副词。)



10.I have some favors to ask you.

我有几件事需要你帮忙。


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14#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-11-2 05:26:00 | 只看该作者
语法

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I.The Passive Voice 被动语态


1.主动语态的构成:主语+谓语动词+宾语(sb+do+sth)
在被动语态的句子中,主动语态句子中的宾语变为被动语态的主语:sth+be+done(过去分词)+(by sb)


2.被动语态的构成:主语+be+过去分词+(by sb)
被动语态在各种时态中的形式:(以build为例)


时态

一般时

进行时

完成时

现在时

am/is/are + built
am/is/are + being built
Has/have been + built
过去时

was/were + built
was/were + being built
had been built
将来时

shall/will be + built


shall/will have been + built
过去将来时

should/would be + built


should/would be + have been built




English is spoken by people all over the world
世界各地的人们都说英语。(一般现在时)
The hospital was built last year
这所医院是去年建造的。(一般过去时)
Who will be invited to the party?
谁会被邀请去参加晚会呢?(一般将来时)

A new children’s hospital is being built over there.
那边正在建一所新的儿童医院。(现在进行时)
The house was being painted when I got there.
当我到达那里时,房子正在粉刷。(过去进行时)
The article has been sent to a newspaper.
文章已送往一家报社。(现在完成时)
The work had been finished when I got there.
当我到达那里时,工作已经做完了。(过去完成时)
The teacher said an exhibition would be held in our school the next week
老师说我们学校下周将要举办一次展览。(过去将来时)


3.带被动语态的否定句和疑问句:
否定句在be动词,助动词shall/will/should/would has/have/had后加not:
Coffee is not widely drunk in China
(喝)咖啡在中国不太普遍。
He will not be invited to the party.
他不会被邀请去参加那个晚会的。
疑问句要把be动词,助动词shall/will/should/would has/have/had提前:
Is French only used in France? No,it isn’t.
只有法国说法语吗? 不,不是的。
Has the suitcase been packed yet?
行李箱打好了吗?


4.被动语态主要在以下几种情况下使用:
1)我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。(这时都不带by引导的短语)
We plant trees every year.(主动)= Trees are planted every year.(被动)
每年都种树。
When will they finish the cinema? = When will the cinema be finished?
电影院何时建成?
2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(此时可以带by引导的短语):
The book was written by Shakespeare
The store is run by Martin
3)出于礼貌不愿说出动作的执行者是谁:
You are supposed to be here before 7:20.
要求你在7:2 0之前到这里。
Teenagers are not allowed to drive a car
不允许青少年驾车。
5.规则动词的过去分词构成与动词的过去式相同。


Ⅱ.由when和how long引导的疑问句的特点:


when引导的问句中动词为终止性动词;而how long引导的问句中动词为延续性动词。例如:
When did you begin to learn to ride a bike?
你是什么时候学骑自行车的?(“开始学”为终止性动词)
When will he get home?
他什么时候到家? (“到家”为终止性动词)
How long do you live here?
你在这里住了多久了?  (“居住”为延续性动词)
How long may I keep the book?
这本书我可以借多长时间?(“borrow”为终止性动词,所以表示借一段时间要用“keep”)




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