知识加油站－词汇语法

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Unit 6 语法：定语从句（一）



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本单元语法为定语从句：在复合句中，修饰其名词或代词的从句叫定语从语。定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，引导定语从句的有关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where，why。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定于从句，在初中，我们主要学习限制性定语从句。



限制性定语从句与主句的关系十分密切，如果去掉，意思就不够完整，别人就会产生歧义。作宾语的关系代词可以省略。



关系代词：that，which，who，whom，whose的用法。



1．that在定语从句中既可指人也可指物，即可作主语又可作宾语，例如：



I like music that is quiet and gentle.

（指物，作主语）

Who's the man that is reading over there?

（指人，作主语）

Have you returned the book (that) you borrowed last week?

（指物，做宾语，可省略）

The girl (that) you saw just now is my cousin.

（指人，作宾语，可省略）



2．which在宾语从句中只指物，作主语或宾语，例如：



The book which is on the desk is mine.

（指物，作主语）

The news which he told me is really exciting.

（指物，作宾语，可省略）



3.  who在定语从句中只指人，作主语，也可以代替whom作宾语，例如：



Do you know the scientist who gave us a talk yesterday?

（指人，作主语，可用that代替）

The boy who broke the window is called Jim.

（指人，作主语，可用that代替）

This is the man (who) they were talking about just now.

（指人，作宾语，可用whom或that代替，也可以省略）



4. whom在定语从句中只指人，做宾语，可用who或that代替，但后边的介词提前时，只用whom，也可以省略，例如：



Do you know the man (whom/who/that) the teacher is talking to?

= Do you know the man to whom the teacher is talking?

She is the person (whom/who/that) you should turn to for help.

= She is the person to whom you should turn for help.



5.        whose在定语从句中作定语，既可指人又可指物，例如：



This is the girl whose pronunciation is the best in our class.

The old man lives in the room whose window faces south.

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Unit 6 语法：定语从句（二）



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在下列几种特殊情况下，关系代词只用that，而不用which，例如：



1.       先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，例如：



This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

（作宾语，可省略）

This is the most beautiful park that we have visited.

（作宾语，可省略）



2.       先行词被the very，the only等修饰时，例如：



This is the very book that I'm looking for.

（作宾语，可省略）

The only thing that she could do was to wait patiently.

（作宾语，可省略）



3.       先行词被序数词修饰时，例如：



The first thing that we do in the morning is to clean the classroom.

（作宾语，可省略）

This is the third largest city that was founded in the 1980s.

（作主语）



4.       先行词是不定代词，例如：



Is there anything that I can do for you?

（作宾语，可省略）



5.       先行词是两个或多个分别表示人或物的名词，例如：



He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard here.

（作宾语，可省略）



6．主句是以who，which引导的特殊疑问句，例如：



Who is the man that was waiting for you?

（作主语）

Which is the tree that you planted three years ago?

（作宾语，可省略）



7.       先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语，例如：



He is not the boy that he used to be.

China is no longer the country that it used to be.

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Unit 5 语法：宾语从句（三）



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关系副词when，where，why的用法。



1.       when在定语从句中指时间，作时间状语，例如：



Do you still remember the day? You started high school on the day.

= Do you still remember the day that/which you started high school on?

（that，which关系代词在从句中作宾语，可省略）

= Do you still remember the day on which you started high school?

（which作介词on的宾语）

= Do you still remember the day when you started high school?

（when相当于on which，“在那一天”）



注：when为关系副词，在从句中相当于介词+关系代词which。



2.       where在宾语从句中指地点，作地点状语，例如：



This is the house. The old man used to live in the house.

= This is the house which/that the old man used to live in.

（作宾语，可省略）

= This is the house in which the old man used to live.

（作介词in的宾语）

= This is the house where the old man used to live in.

（where相当于in which，“在哪里”）



住：where为关系副词，在从句中相当于介词+关系代词which。



3.       why在定语从句中指原因，作原因状语，例如：



Do you know the reason? He didn't come to school for that reason.

= Do you know the reason which/that he didn't come to school for.

（作宾语，可省略）

= Do you know the reason for which he didn't come to school.

（作介词的宾语）

= Do you know the reason why he didn't come to school.

（why相当于for which，“因为那个原因”）



注：why为关系副词，在从句中相当于介词for+关系代词which。

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Unit 5 语法：情态动词



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本单元学习情态动词must，might，could，及can't表示推测时的用法。



1. must表推测时，表示说话人对事物的推测把握比较大，相当于汉语的“肯定，一定”。例如：



The French book must be Mary's. She is the only one who is learning French.

语法书肯定是Mary的，因为她是唯一学法语的人。

It must be morning now, for the birds are singing.

肯定天亮了，因为鸟在叫。



2. could，might和may都可以表推测，但把握性比较小，而且用might表示可能性更小。例如：



You could /may/might be right, but I'm not sure.

你可能正确，但我不确定。

He might know your telephone number. I forget whether I have given it to him or not.

他可能知道你的电话号码，我忘了是否给过他了。

She might not come to my birthday party tomorrow.

她明天可能不会来我的生日晚会。



3. can't 表示说话人几乎可以肯定某事不是真的或不可能发生。例如：



That can't be Mr Green. He has gone to Shanghai.

那个人不可能是格林先生，因为他去了上海。

The backpack can't be Jimmy's because there's a hair band in it.

这个背包不可能是吉米的，因为里边有一个发卡。

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Unit 13 语法：使役动词make



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本单元的语法为使役动词make“使某人……”。用法如下：



1. "make + sb + adj"，make 是谓语动词，sb是make的宾语，后边的形容词在此作宾语的补足语。例如：



Rainy days make me sad.

雨天让我很悲伤。

What he said made the teacher angry.

他说的话让老师很生气。

Soft music makes me sleepy.

轻柔的音乐让我想睡觉。



2. "make + sb + 过去分词"，此处的过去分词相当于形容词作宾补。例如：



Loud music makes me stressed out.

大声的音乐让我很紧张。

Waiting for him in the rain made me annoyed.

在雨中等他让我很烦。

The soccer game made the people excited.

那场球赛让人们很激动。



3. " make + sb + 动词原形"，此处的动词原形也叫省略to的不定式，也作宾补。例如：



Sad movies always make me cry.

伤感的电影经常让我哭泣。

Loud music makes Tina want to dance.

大声的音乐让蒂娜想跳舞。

Hard seats in fast-food restaurants make people eat fast and leave.

快餐店的硬座位使人们快点吃完离开。



4. 如果在被动语态中，宾语改为主语，宾补也应叫做主语的补足语，此时主动语态中的宾补——不带to的不定式，应改为带to的不定式作主语的补足语。例如：



The boss made him work for 15 hours a day.

→ He was made to work for 15 hours a day (by the boss).

（老板让）他每天（得）工作15小时。

The teacher made the boy do his homework again.

→ The boy was made to do his homework again ( by the teacher ).

（老师让）那个孩子（得）重新写作业。

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Unit 14 语法：现在完成时



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本单元语法为含有already和yet的现在完成时。



构成：have / has + done （过去分词）



意义：现在完成时表示A: 过去的动作对现在产生的影响；B：从过去开始的动作一直持续到现在刚刚完成或要继续进行下去的动作。例如：



I have lost my keys.

（过去某时丢的，现在还未找到。）

He has already watered the plants.

（说明花已经被浇过了。）

She has waited for her for 2 hours.

（从过去开始一直持续到现在。）



如果特别强调动作一直在持续，可用现在完成进行时“Have / has been + doing”，例如：



I have been learning English for six years.

（六年前开始，一直在学。）



already “已经”，通常用于肯定句中；yet通常用于否定句中和疑问句中；ever“曾经”，可用于疑问句中的完成时态，例如：



I have already cleaned the room.

Have you finished your work yet?

Have you ever been to Australia?

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Unit 12 语法：be supposed to do ... （九年级）



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本单元的语法为be supposed to do. “应该，被期望做……”。例如：

You are supposed to shake hands when you meet someone for the first time in China.

在中国你与他人第一次见面时，你应该握手。

We are supposed to be at school by 7:20 on school days.

在上学的日子，我们应该在7:20之前到校。

Isn't Hong Kong supposed to be very crowded?

香港不是很拥挤吗？



suppose的其他用法：



1．suppose + that 引导的宾语从句“假设，猜想，以为”。例如：

Let's suppose that you had a million dollars, how would you spend it?

假如你有一百万美元，你怎么花呢？

I suppose that she'll be there today.

我想她今天能到那里。

I had supposed he had died years ago.

我原以为他几年前就去世了。



2. 当suppose + that 引导的宾从变为否定句时，否定应前移，有此种用法的词有think, believe, guess（猜想）等。例如：

I suppose that she will come to your party.

→ I don't suppose that she will come to your party.

我猜她不会来参加你的晚会。

I suppose that he will agree with you.

→ I suppose that he will agree with you.



3. 在表示同意或不同意别人的观点时，常用“I suppose so/ I don't suppose so”。

--- Will he be back this weekend?

   他周末会回来吗？

--- Yes, I suppose so.

   我想他会回来。