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4. 简单的判断推理题:
考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子,而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容,学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验,根据字面意思和句子的意思,通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文,要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,立足已知的知识来推断未知的知识,不能凭空想象、随意推测;它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理,不能就事论事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,才能有推理的前提和基础。
判断推理题常见的设问方式:
1) It can be inferred/concluded that ___.
2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?
3) In which of the following publication would this passage most likely be printed?
4) The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that ___.
5) The writer suggests that ___.
6) What’s the author’s attitude toward …?
7) The writer probably feels that ___.
8) The author uses the examples of ... to show that ___.
9) From the passage, we can see ____________.
10) According to the passage, we can infer __________________.
实例说明:
Take a class at Dulangkou School, and you’ll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so they’re facing each other. How can they see the blackboard? There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!
The school calls the new way of learning “Tuantuanzuo”, meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, a Junior 3 teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.
Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles (角色). There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a “study leader” who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework. And there is a discipline (纪律) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.
Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring.
“I just looked after my own business before,” said Wang. “But now I have to think about my five group members.”
But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好处) now.
“I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call me an excellent speaker today.”
Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80.
“I rarely(很少)asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”
53. We can tell from the story that some students __________ this new way of learning.
A. get benefits from B. are tired of C. cannot get used to D. hate
【解析】:A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择A。
B. 阅读理解的解题技巧:
I. 事实细节题的理解方法和技巧:
1.详读细节,理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文,有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述题则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用“画图列表法”,勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
2.抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心,后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析,如为什么会出现这种现象。把握了文章的脉络后,相对来说定位就比较方便,解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。
3.学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目,也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。
4.注意引出细节的信息词,如:for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides等。
II. 推理判断题的方法和技巧:
阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题,近几年的中考每年都保持在2、3题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示,抓住内含语义,用逻辑思维的方法加以整理,然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为:简单推理和复杂推理。
1、简单推理
所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提,以具体事实为依据进行推理,做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接,只要弄清事实,即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。
2、复杂推理
复杂推理不但要以文字为依据,而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理,就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法:
(1)推测作者的写作目的和意图,此类的设题形式有:
The purpose in writing this text is to .
The author writes this passage to .
The author in this passage intends to .
推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。
(2)推测文章的观点或结论,此类设题形式有:
It can be inferred from the passage that .
What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
From the passage we can conclude that .
这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点,可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点,仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。
(3)推断文章的出处,设题形式有:
The passage is most likely to be taken from .
Where would this passage most probably appear?
The passage is most likely a part of .
这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:
①报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称;
②广告:因其格式和语言特殊,容易辨认;
③产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次
数、药量等。
(4)推断短文中人物性格,设题形式有:
What do we know about somebody in the text?
What kind of man somebody is?
Somebody can be said to be .
做这类题时一定要注意:
①准确把握字里行间的意思,切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点;
②特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。
(5)借助文章结构进行推测
有些推断题要从文章结构的角度进行分析,才能推断出正确答案。因此,阅读时不仅要注重词、句的理解,而且还要分析语篇的组织结构。
III. 单词猜测词义的方法和技巧:
1. 根据上下文猜测词意,例如:
After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept the boy home…
During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular dystrophy(肌营养不良). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen.
…
Last summer I received a letter from Matthew’s parents telling me that Matthew had passed away…
Dear Rick,
My mom said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I don't have long to live any more. …
上面短文中passed away的含义,可以根据上文的“When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten.”和下文Matthew的信中猜测出来,意为“去世”。
2. 根据构词法猜测词意。
在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。例如:
前缀un-表反义词,如happy、unhappy,fair、unfair,important、unimportant等。
后缀- ment表名词,如develop、development,state、statement,argue、argument等。
后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词,如calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist等。
3. 通过因果关系猜词。
首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如:
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that,for it wasn’t his fault.
通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。
4. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。
通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus (金星)、Mars (火星)、Jupiter (木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词,一是看表示转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等;二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:
He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.
根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
5. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义。例如:
But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即drought,由此可见drought意思为“久旱”,“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来表示。
6. 通过句法功能来推测词义。例如:
Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同类关系,同属fruit类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
8. 通过描述猜词。
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如:
The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.
从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
C. 判断正误型阅读和任务型阅读
以上涉及到的都是在中考题中出现最多的选择型阅读测试题的做题技巧。除此之外,还有正误型阅读和任务型阅读两种考查形式。
正误型阅读出现的逐渐减少,难度降低,一般试题在短文中可以直接找到答案,也可以用上述的方法来做题,这里不多讲述。
任务型阅读:
任务型阅读是近年来推出的新题型,命题灵活,题型多样,可能是问答题,也可能是翻译句子,填写表格信息等,能够很好地考查学生的英语综合能力。但是只要我们注意养成良好的阅读心理,提高阅读速度,就能做好这种题。解题时注意:
1. 浏览试题,明确要求。带着问题去读短文,有的放矢。
2. 浏览全文,捕捉有用信息。阅读时,注意有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因及一些定义、数据
和一些关键词语,可以做出标记,有目的地把文后题目和短文中相关信息加以比较,从而找到正确
答案。
3. 复读全文,抓住细节。答题时有问题,要重新在短文中寻找答案, 注意短文的首尾句或每一段的首
尾句,那往往是事件的结果或作者的态度、意图等。
4. 再读全文,核对答案。要用全文的主题大意重新审核各题答案,看前后是否一致,是否符合短文的
主旨大意,细节方面是否和短文一致,是否有拼写和语法错误等。
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