知识加油站－英语语法园地

lspjy

英语中部分否定的几种表示方法







英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：


一、 all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：


Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。


Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。


二、 both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：


I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。


Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。


三、 every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如：


Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。


Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。


This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。


四、 always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：


He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。


五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如：


The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。


He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。


I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。


What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。


六、 all the time 的否定式："并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：


A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。


七、 not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：


He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。


This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。


She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。


如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。


He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。


如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等。例如：


All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.


Both are good.---Neither is good.


Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.


He is always late. --- He is never late.


We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.


He was here all the time. --- He was never here.

lspjy

由"Idon'tthink..."句型说开去--试谈英语的否定转移







在学英语的过程中，学生常将这样的句子 "我认为这不是个好主意." 译为"I think it isn't a good idea." 而将这句英语译成汉语时，学生又会译为 "我不认为这是个好主意." 老师又会说译错了，这不符合 "I don't think..." 句型，应译为 "l don't think it's a good idea."


那么，这错误的根源究竟在哪里？这就是“英语的否定转移”在作怪。否定转移在非正式语体中特别常见，它是将语义上属于从属分句（一般为that clause）的否定词转移到母句中去。允许否定转移的母句动词在语义上可分为以下两组：


1．看法（OPINION）：anticipate，be supposed to，believe，calculate， expect，figure (infml，AmE),imagine, reckon (infml，esp, in AmE)，suppose，think:


Eg. I don't believe I've met you before.


("I believe I haven't met you before.")


Eg. She didn't imagine that we would say anything.


("She imagined we wouldn't say anything.")


Eg. He didn't expect to win.


("He expected not to win.")


2．感觉(PERCEPTION) appear，seem，feel as if，look as if，sound as if (后三个动词也作infml，esp， in AmE，其中用like来代替as if）：


Eg. It doesn't seem that we canget our money back.


"It seems that we can't get our money back."


Eg. The baby doesn't appear to be awake.


("The baby appears not to be awake.")


Eg. It doesn't look like it's going to rain.


("It looks like it isn't going to rain.")


否定的转移是一种含糊的现象。对于否定词位置不同的两个句子，意思是否相同，或者在多大程度上相同的问题，各人的直觉可能是不同的。但在以下特殊情况下，原来允许否定转移的动词不能将否定转移：


1．I think是插入句，可看作与其他部分无关：


I wish you were here，then I think I should not feel like this.


2．母句中添加情态动词can't mustn't wouldn't时：


I can't believe that they are married.


You mustn't think he's stupid.


I wouldn't have imagined that Sandra would be here.


3．由于cannot help doing，ought not，need not，not at all等短语的关系而把I think隔离。


I should have thought sometimes you couldn't help thinking of the past.


I think you ought not to walk at night alone，Mrs. Moore.


I think you need not be impolite to her，as well as to her son.


"I think the angel are not at all in heaven." Mr.Esmond said."


4. 由于not just... but， just not... enough，not much, not quite等以not为核心的副词短语的影响，也不便把否定拿到动词的前面去：


I think I'm just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you.


"You think she's not much like you? Brerald asked.


But I think that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I.


句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等的不定词时：


I should think you never have seen many.


I thought it explained nothing.

lspjy

让名词"动"起来







Table, ice, duck, flag... 这些简单的英语单词，它们的名词意义就算对初学英语者来说也一定是小菜一碟，但老外经常把它们当做动词用，它们的动词意义和用法你知道吗？


1. table：名词，桌子；当动词用，是指开会时延期讨论提案等，也就是暂缓审议。（to postpone discussion of a bill or suggestion until future time); 例如：


They tabled the motion at the meeting.


I made the motion and he seconded it.（我提案，他同意。) (second 这里是动词，意思是赞成；to second the motion 也就是附议）


We are tabling this matter until further notice.（我们延期讨论这件事，以后再说。）


2. pride：名词，荣誉；当动词用，是指感到得意或自豪。（to take pride in something）例如：


We prided ourselves on our good work. (我们为自己工作的表现而自豪。)


I have long prided myself on being a good teacher. (我一向以身为一名称职的老师師而自豪。)


注意：to pride oneself on和 to be proud of 或 to take pride in 意思相近，只是用法和后面所跟的介词不同而已。例如：


They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist.


I am very proud of being a Chinese.


3. carpet：名词，地毯；当动词用，是覆盖的意思 。(to cover something) 例如：


The flower girls carpeted the floor with rose petals before the bride's entrance. (新娘进来前，花童将玫瑰花瓣撒满了地板。)


During the winter time my roof is carpeted with white snow. (冬天时我家的屋顶盖满了白雪。)


4. floor：名词，地板；当动词用，是踩足汽车的油门，加速开车或使人惊讶。 (to press accelerator of a car to the floor in order to speed up; or to astonish someone) 例如：


As soon as I saw his gun, I floored my car. (我一见到他有枪，立即踩足油门加速开车。)


When you see a police car, don't floor it. (当你看到警车时，別开快车。)


The news really floored me; I hadn't been expecting it at all. （这个消息真使我吃惊地不知所措，这完全出乎我地意料。）


5. top：名词，顶端；做动词用，是做得更好，或高过某人。 (to do something better or to be taller than someone) 例如：


If he had tried harder, he could have topped his class. (假如他以前用功些，他会在班里（成绩）名列前茅的。)


The tax-cut issue will top today's agenda. (减税问题将是今天的主要议题。)


Mr. Lin tops me by three inches. (林先生比我高三吋)


6. flag：名词，旗帜；当动词用，是指打旗号或做手势来传达讯息。 (to give signal for communication) 例如：


When my car broke down, I flagged a police car. (当我的汽车抛锚的时候，我打了个信号招来一辆警车。)


The beach life-guards usually flag one another for communication. (海滨救生员通常用旗号传达讯息。)


7. bridge：名词，桥梁、桥牌；当动词用，是连接或沟通的意思。(to connect) 例如：


The parents are trying to bridge the generation gap with their children. (父母都在设法弥合与儿女的代沟。)


These tax reforms are attempt to bridge the gap between the rich and poor. （这些税收改革旨在弥合贫富之间的差距。）


8. club：名词，俱乐部、高尔夫球棒；当动词用，意思是用棍棒打人。(to beat someone with a stick) 例如：


The security officer should not club any suspect who does not resist arrest. (保安人员对任何没有拒捕的嫌犯都不该用棍棒殴打。)


I saw the police clubbing a suspected robber. (我看到警察用棍棒打了那个抢劫嫌疑犯。)


9. soldier：名词，士兵；当动词用，是指不畏困难，坚持下去。(to forge ahead no matter what difficulty is) 例如：


The Marine Corps usually have to soldier on under the hardest conditions. (海军陆战队通常在最艰难的情況下，仍要勇敢前进。)


He doesn't like the job but he'll solider on until they can find a replacement for him.（他不喜欢这个工作，但他会继续干下去，直到他们找到接替他的人为止。）


10. duck：名词，鸭子；当动词用，是逃避、躲避、回避的意思。(to try to avoid) 例如：


His speech was full of generalizations, and ducked all the real issues.（他的讲话全是泛泛而谈，回避了所有实质性的问题。）


11. chair：名词，椅子、主席（chairperson）；当动词用，是担任主席（to be a chairperson）例如：


He has chaired a committee on international affairs.（他担任国际事务委员会的主席。）


She will chair the math department next semester. (下学期她将担任数学系主任。）


12. doctor：名词，医生、大夫；当动词用，是指窜改、对……做手脚。(to change, esp. in a dishonest way) 例如：


They were charge with doctoring the election results. （他们因窜改选举结果而受到控告。）


to doctor the number 是做假账的意思，相当于 to cook the book, to make something fraudulent or false


He tried to doctor the number before tax time. (他在报税前设法做假账。)


13. cushion：名词，坐垫；当动词用，是指缓和，缓和或降低对某事的撞击或震动（to soften or decrease impact of something）例如：


Powerful shock absorbers cushion our landing. (有效的减缓装置缓解了我们着陆时的冲撞力。)


Nothing can cushion the sorrow of her mother's death. （什么也不能减轻她丧母的悲痛。）


14. cap：名词，便帽；当动词用，是指限额、约束或制止。(to limit something) 例如：


The new law has capped the crabbing season in our area. (新法令限制了该地区捕蟹的时节。)（即不准随时捕蟹）


Our school will cap the white student enrollment to promote its diversity programs. (本校为了促进生源的种族多元性，对白人学生的生源加以了限制。)


15. showcase：名词，陈列柜；当动词用，是指展览或亮相 (to highlight)。 例如：


She fully showcased her ability in the debate. (她在这场辩论赛中充分展示了自己的才华。)


The real estate company is showcasing many new houses in the newspaper.（该房地产公司在报纸上展示了多款新房型。）


16. grandfather：名词，祖父；当动词用，是指保护（免受限制）或保持现状 (to protect or to keep the same status)。例如：


Our current employees will be grandfathered under the existing health insurance.（现有卫生医疗制度为我们的员工提供了保障。)


Everybody would like to grandfather this regulation as it is. (大家都想要保持现有的制度。)


The new staff members can not be grandfathered into the old pension system. (新员工不能享受旧有的养老制度。)


17. corner：名词，角落或壁角；当动词用，是指将某人逼入困境或令人无地自容（to put someone in a bad spot )。 例如：


Don't try to corner your spouse. (不要让你的爱人为难。)


He has been cornered by his best friend. (他最好的朋友却让他感到无地自容。)


Finally, the escaped criminal was cornered. (那名逃犯最终走投无路了。)


18. distance：名词，距离；当动词用，是指冷淡、疏远或与某人保持距离（to keep yourself a distance from someone）。例如：


It is difficult for him to distance himself from her. (对他来说，疏远、冷淡她是很困难的。)


The politicians will distance themselves from the controversial issues. (政客们想要尽量远离有争议的问题。)


The parents advise their daughter to distance herself from her boyfriend. (她的父母劝告她要和男朋友保持一定距离，不可太过亲密。)


19. book：名词，书本；当动词用，是指预订飞机座位、机票、旅馆房间等。此外还指警方将……登记如册以为指控之用（to press charge against someone, generally by the police)。 例如：


Mr. Chen has booked（或made）a reservation at a hotel. (陈先生已经预订了旅馆房间。)


Yesterday he booked a flight to Taiwan. (昨天他订购了到台湾的机票。)


The police booked him for drunken driving. (他被指控酒后驾车。)


20. house：名词，房屋；当动词用，是指供给住所 (to provide shelter)。 例如：


The farmer has housed the horse in the barn. (农夫把他的马圈在马厩里。)


I would be glad to house you for the weekend. (我很高兴这个周末你能够住在我这里。)


21. radio：名词，收音机；当动词用，是指用无线电发送讯息，广播，发报（to send a message）。例如：


At airport the lady radioed for a missing child. (机场中，有一位女士正在广播寻找一个走失的孩子。)


All U.S. ships will have to radio the Coast Guard when they are in trouble. (美国船只如果遇到困难，可以用无线电同海岸巡逻队取得联系。)


22. dog：名词，狗；当动词用，是指尾随某人，困扰某人或某事（to bother someone or something）。例如：


He was dogged wherever he went. (他不管到哪里，总被人尾随。)


Her career was dogged by misfortune. (她一生屡遭不幸。)


23. fare：名词，票价；当动词用，是指过活、进展（to get along or to turn out）。例如：


How do you fare？= How are you doing？


I fare very well. = I am doing (feeling) well.


How did you fare in your exam？ (考得怎样？)


I fared very well in my exam. (我考得很好。)


If he gets caught for shoplifting, he may fare a punishment. (如果他因为盗窃被捕，将会受到惩罚。)


24. father：名词，父亲；当动词用，是指为人父（to beget a child）。例如：


He has fathered two children before his remarriage. (他再婚前已经是两个孩子的爸爸了。)


Hopefully, Mr. Chen is going to father a child soon. (希望陈先生很快能够当上爸爸。)


注意：如果以母方来说，就是：


She bore him two children. (她为他生了两个孩子); 或


She bore a son. 也就是 He begot a son.


所以"to father a child"，也就是"to beget a child"

lspjy

表达数目和数量的特别方法



陈清霖



大家知道，不可数名词没有表示复数的“-s”标志，因此前面不可有数目字，只可以有数量词。例如我们可以说①， 不可以说②：


①There is not much furniture in the office.


②There are not many furnitures in the office.


这是不是说不可数名词就不可数呢？不然。相反的，不可数名词也是可数的，主要方法是借重单位词（unit word），如：


a piece of, a cup of, a drop of, a lump of, a handful of, a flash of, a blade of, a head of, a bar of, an ear of等。


如果数目是超过“一”，就以确实数目取代“一”。例如：


two pieces of, three cups of 和 five lumps of 等。


现在试试把上述这类单位词和适当的不可数名词连用。


① Mr Li has just bought a piece of new furniture.


② Give me a cup of cold water, please.


③ Please put two lumps of sugar in my coffee.


④ The boy picked up two handfuls of sand from the beach.


⑤ We saw a flash of lightning in the sky.


⑥ The gardener pulled out blades of wild grass from the garden.


⑦ She gave bars of chocolate to the visiting children.


有些名词如 scissors, trousers, spectacles, tongs, pliers 等，都以复数形式出现， 如：


⑧ The scissors are lying on the table.


⑨ The spectacles fit me nicely.


如果要给这些名词表示单数“一”的意思，就要借重单位词了。例如：


⑩ Mary has just bought a pair of scissors.


(11) The mechanic repaired the machine with a set of pliers.


现代英语注重简洁，合成形容词便应运而生，其中有一种是用来表示数目的，方法是：


“数目+名词”，如：a five-year plan, a ten-dollar note, a two-hour meeting, a three-day conference等。


必须注意的是，这种合成形容词中的名词，只能以单数形式出现。如果用复数，就错了，如：


a five-years plan, a ten-dollars note, a two-hours meeting, a three-days conference.


这类错误，虽然频率不是很高，但也是要留意才好。


如果没有把握，不妨用完整的表达方式，如：


a five-year plan→a plan of five years


a ten-dollar note→a note of ten dollars


a three-day conference→a conference of three days 等。

lspjy

英语形容词的排列顺序







当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列?为什么不能说a black new pen，而是说成a new black pen?这里面有无规则可循?


如果你记住Opshacom这个为帮助记忆而杜撰的词，就能掌握英语中形容词排列的顺序。


Opshacom中p代表opinion，指表示人们观点的形容词，如beautiful，horrible，lovely，nice等；


sh代表shape，指表示形状的形容词，如long，short，round, narrow等；


a代表age，指表示年龄、时代的形容词，如old，new， young等；


c代表colour，指表示颜色的形容词，如red,black, orange等；


o代表origin，指表示国籍、地区的形容词，如British，Canadian，German等；


m代表material，指表示材料的形容词，如plastic，metal，aluminium等。


英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如a nice long new black British plastic pen当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。

lspjy

单音节形容词前能否用"MORE"和"MOST"修饰？







在教学过程中，曾有学生问过这样一道题：


"Anne acts quite unfriendly." "I think she's____ than unfriendly."


[A] shyer [B] shy [C] more shy rather [D] more shy


正确答案为[D].对此，学生感到迷感不解、 为什么选项[A]不正确呢？


根据比较级的一般用法，当我们对不同事物的同一性质进行比较时，如果其形容词是单音节词，其比较级构成形式是在其词尾加－er、显然例句中的用法并不 符合这一规则。因为它所比较的并非不同对象的同一性质，而是同一事物的两种不同性质。这类比较从句有其特殊的构成形式，不管其形容词是单音节词还是 多音节词，在结构上都必须采用more...than的形式。 同时，因为在两个比较项之间其语义在于肯定前项而对后项加以否定，所以在翻译时要调换比较项的位 置，可译为：与其说…不妨说…。例如：


1．He is more bold than intelligent． 与其说他聪明，不如说他胆大。


2．The boy is more kind than brave. 与其说这男孩勇敢，不如说他善良，


3. The teacher was more happy than angry at the news． 获悉这个消息后，与其说老师很生气，不如说老师很高兴。


4．She was more annoyed than worried when they didn't come on time. 他们没有按时到达，与其说她为此深感焦虑，不如说她为此十分恼火。


不过，如果所比较的是同一事物的长、宽、高等尺度，也可以采用单音节形容词+er＋than的形式， 但不能省略从句的主语和谓语。例如：


5．The wall was in some places thicker than it was high. 这面墙有的地方的厚度大于它的高度。


由此可见，在对同一事物的不同性质进行比较时， more是可以修饰单音节形容词的。


此外，这里顺便谈一下“most”修饰单音节形容词的用法。如：


It's most kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太客气了.


本句中"most"的用法并不符合一般意义上的最高级的构成规则。因为kind属单音节词，其最高级形式应为 kindest.此处"most"+单音节形容词的用法被语法学 家称之为绝对最高级（Absolute Superlative），以 区分于我们所熟知的一般意义的最高级--相对最高级 （Relative Superlative）。


那么，什么是绝对最高级呢？有的事物在特定范围内 并不是最大的；但是因为它没有明确的比较对象，只 是在一般情形中显得“特别突出”这时使用最高级并 非为了同别的事物进行比较，以表示其最高的程度，而只是表示"very"的意义(很高的程度），这种笼统使用的最高级称为绝对最高级。而与之相对应的最高 级（通常译为最、顶等）被称为相对最高级。


"most"在绝对最高级中的用法不同于其在相对最高级中的用法，首先，在它的前面不加定冠词the，它也不会因形容词音节的多少而变化，同时在读音上也不采用重读形式，试比较下面句子中most在绝对最高级和相对最高级中在意义及读音上的不同:


1. They had the most delightful time of their life there. 他们在那儿度过了一生中最愉快的时光。


They had a most delightful time there. 他们在那儿度过了非常愉快的时光。


2．The scenery here is the most picturesque in this neighborhood. 这儿的风景是附近一带最美的。


The view from the mountain top was most picturesque. 从山顶望去风景极美。


3．It is the most dangerous trick to play with fire. 玩火是最危险的把戏。


It is a most dangerous trick to play with fire. 玩火是十分危险的。

lspjy

主动语态表示被动意义



张月祥



一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。


但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却含有被动意义。这里主要有两种情况：


一种是早期英语的残余。例如：


The house is building.（房屋在建造中。）


The book is printing.（书在印刷中）


在现代英语中则要求用通常的被动态表示，试比较：


The house is being built.


The book is being printed.


另一种情况是为数不少的不及物动词可以表示被动意义。不及物动词的这种用法与汉语表示颇为相似，在日常用语中常有所见，值得注意，现摘引若干实例如下。


Browning's plays won't act. 布朗宁的戏剧不宜上演。


The meeting adjourned at five o'clock. 会议于五点钟休会。


Tomatoes bruise easily. 西红柿很容易碰伤。


This belt won't buckle. 这根腰带扣不上。


My voice doesn't carry well.我的声音传不远。


Enamel wares clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。


This box doesn't close properly. 这箱子关不拢。


These apples cook well. 这些苹果适于烹煮。


This metal cuts easily. 这种金属容易切削。


The pipe does not draw well. 这烟斗不大畅通。


Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。


This material does not dye well. 这料子染不好。


It eats well. 这东西吃上去味道好。


The hall soon filled. 那大厅不久便坐满了人。


Damp Wood will not fire. 潮湿的木头不会着火。


This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。


The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。


This car handles well. 这车很好驾驶。


Damp clothes iron easily. 湿衣服容易烫平。


Will this meat keep till tomorrow? 这肉能放到明天吗？


Mosquitoes kill easily when incubating. 蚊子在产卵时易于消灭。


The flat lets for 30 yuan a month. 这套公寓房间每月租金30元。


The match lights easily. 这火柴容易划着。


The door won't lock. 门锁不上。


The cow milks well. 这头母牛出奶率高。


These books pack easily. 这些书易于包装。


These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆皮很容易剥。


Ripe apples pick easily. 熟了的苹果容易摘下来。


That drama will play. 那出戏适宜上演。


This poem reads well. 这首诗读起来很好。


His voice records well. 他的声音录下来很好听。


The verses scan smoothly. 这些诗很合韵律。


That play screens badly. 那个剧本不适于拍电影。


His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。


The window won't shut. 这窗关不上。


Some kinds of wood split easily. 有些木材容易劈开。


Some kinds of food soon spoil. 有些食物很容易变坏。


This linen c1oth spots easily. 这麻布容易沾污。


White clothes stain easily. 白色衣服容易弄脏。


The damp match won't strike. 这潮湿的火柴擦不着。


This paper tears easily. 这种纸一撕就破。


Not every idiom translates with such ease. 不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。


The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。


This material won't wear. 这种材料不耐久。


The door won't open. 这门打不开。


对上述不及物动词为什么能用于表示被动意义的问题，说法不一。通常认为这部分动词一般都是及物动词，是及物动词的不及物用法。也有人认为像his books don't sell这种句子的动词在形式上是主动的，意义是被动的，实际上是his books are not sold的意思。


对于以上说法，荷兰学者依拉德斯(P.A.Erades)提出了反对意见，提出：这种"主动"结构相对应的"被动"结构是存在的，但是，一看就知道含义不同。他说his novels are not sold 仅仅说明一个事实，而his novels don't sell却意味着这些小说有某种内在品质在影响其销路，意味着这些小说肯定不属于"畅销书"之列。以此类推，下列各组句子意思不同：


1a. The middle house won't let. （租不出去）


1b. The middle house will not be let. （不会出租）


2a. His plays won't act. （不适宜上演）


2b. His plays will not be played. （不会上演）


3a. She does not photograph well.（不上照）


3b. She has not been photographed well.（照没有拍好）


依拉德斯的结论是："只是当主语具有某种内在品质，可以促进、妨碍或阻止谓语表示的概念得以实现时，才能用这类结构。"（即前面所说的主动态表示被动意义的结构）依拉德斯的这种解释颇有道理，可以适用于以上一切例子。


Eg. The door won't lock. （门锁不上）说明门本身有毛病，这与通常的被动态所表示的含义不同，就是说The door will not be locked并非说门本身有问题而锁不上，而是指某人不会锁门，或者在说话人看来门是不会被锁上的。


以上说明告诉我们，上述结构不仅与不及物动词有关，而且与主语有关，不及物动词的主语通常指物，并且兼起动作执行者的作用，这种"主动"结构与其相对应的"被动"结构不代表同一个意思。