知识加油站－英语语法园地

lspjy

谈another,other,more修饰数词的用法



安徽 王玉峰



请看NMET2000单项选择第16题：


If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay ____ ＄15．


A．another B．other C．more D．each


该句的意思是“如果要换一个双人间，你还需再付15美元”。从题干“change for”可知已订过房间，现在要换只需再加15美元就行了。备选项D的意思是“每个”，不符合题意，A、B、C都可修饰数词，表“额外的、另外的”意思，它们之间的差别在于修饰数词的位置不同，这也正是本题的考查重点，现对another，other，more的这种用法归纳如下：


一、another


another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数，而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”之意时，可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词，此时可把“数词＋复数名词”看作是一个整体。如：


1．—Have you finished your report yet？


—你的报告完了吗？


—No，I will finish it in 10 minutes．


—没有，还需10分钟。


A．another B．other C．more D．less


（NMET'95第27题key：A）


2．The strike may last another three days．罢工可能还要持续三天。


3．There is room for another few people in the back of the bus．公共汽车后面还能坐下几个人。


4．I'll be here for another few weeks．我在这儿还要呆几个礼拜。


二、other


表“另外的”接复数名词，如与具体数词连用，则置于数词之后，但与定冠词the连用时，other要放在数词前。如：


1．Tony is going camping with ____boys next Sunday．托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起去野营。


A．little two other B．two little other


C．two other little D．little other two


（NMET'93．第11题key：C）


2．Mr Smith asked me to fetch three other recorders．史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。


3．Do you know where he found the other two photos？你知道他是在哪儿找到另外两张照片的呢？


三、more


1．more一般位于数词之后名词前，有时也可置于名词之后。如：


（1）She has got five more electric fans．她还有五台电扇。


（2）One more step（One step more），and I'll shoot you．再走一步，我就开枪打死你。


（3）Where shall we be in ten more years？再过十年，我们会在什么地方呢？


2．more除跟数词外，还可与a little，a few，a lot，several等词连用，而且名词也可是不可数名词。如：


（1）I'd like to buy a few more copies of English Weekly．我想再买几份《英语周报》。


（2）There are many more dictionaries on the desk．课桌上有许多词典。


（3）Would you like some more tea？再喝点茶好吗？


四、名词省略


如果前后意思清楚，another或more后面的名词可以省去。如：


1．I climbed the stairs slowly，carrying a big suitcase，my father following with two more．我拎着一个大手提箱，所以爬楼梯很慢。父亲跟在后面，拎着另外两个手提箱。（NMET2000完形填空正文首句）


2．I have had one cup of coffee，but I'd like another．我喝了一杯咖啡，还想再来一杯。


3．I should like to have many more（books）．我想多要几本书。


从以上分析，我们不难看出NMET2000第16题应该选A。

lspjy

冠词之差意义有别



江苏省海安县南莫中学 冯艳秋



英语中有不少词组，从形式看好象只有冠词之差，而实际上却是意义完全不同的新词组。现采撷数例，以引起读者的注意：


1. in front of 在……（外）的前面


in the front of 在……（内）的前面


There’s a garden in front of the classroom.


There’s a blackboard in the front of the classroom.


2. in charge of 掌管；负责


in the charge of 在……负责之下


An experienced worker is in charge of the project.


The project is in the charge of an experienced worker.


3. at table 在用饭；吃饭时


at the table 在桌旁


He seldom talks at table.


They sat at the table, talking and laughing.


4. by day 白天；日间


by the day 按日计


He works in an office by day.


Cleaning women in big cities get paid by the day.


5. take place 发生；举行


take the place 代替；接替


When did this conversation take place?


Electric train has now taken the place of steam trains in England.


6. in words 用言语


in a word 总之


Please express your thought in words.


In a word, I don’t trust you.


7. at times 有时；不时


at a time 一次


I do feel a little nervous at times.


Pass me the bricks two at a time.


8. little 少；不多的


a little 一些；一点点


Hurry up, there’s little time left.


Don’t hurry, you still have a little time.


9. few 很少；几乎没有的


a few 有些；几个


He is a man of few words.


Only a few of the children can read.


10.a most interesting 非常有趣的


the most interesting 最有趣的（形容词的最高级）


This is a most interesting story.


This is the most interesting story of the three.


11.a doctor and nurse 一位医生兼护士


a doctor and a nurse 一位医生和一位护士


A doctor and nurse is standing there.


A doctor and a nurse are standing there.


12.A number of 许多；好些


the number of …（的）数目


A number of students are in the classroom.


The number of students in the classroom is forty.

lspjy

Be＋不定式动词



陈清霖





上一期谈过了“Be”的语法功能，这期来看“Be+不定式动词”这个常见结构可表示哪些语义。


“Be+不定式动词”在不同情况下，可以表示很多种不同的语义。下面便是其中九种：


⒈表示坚决的命令。例如：


1. This naughty boy is to stay here until the class is over.


2. No one is to enter this building without the permission of the security guard.


⒉表示“计划”或“安排的事项”。例如：


3. Betty is to be married soon.


4. An insurance agent is to meet us this afternoon.


⒊表示“可能性”。例如：


5. Are you to pay the debt for your wife?


6. The lovely puppy is nowhere to be found.


⒋表示“意图”或“打算”。例如：


7. If you are to be there on time, you had better hurry.


8. If all of us are to remain friendly, we must be sincere with one another.


⒌表示“应该”。例如：


9. You have done so well. You are to be rewarded.


10. Such nasty questions are to be avoided.


⒍表示“不可避免”。例如：


11. Anne was wondering what was to become of her boy friend, Tommy.


12. The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment and was never to see his family again.


⒎表示“假设”。例如：


13. If I were to do it, I would do it well.


14. Even if you were to take a taxi now, you would not be able to arrive at your destinaton on time.


⒏有“期待将来”的含意。例如：


15. The actual usefulness of the newly invented equipment is still to be determined.


16. Henry's appointment with the accountancy firm is yet to be confirmed.


⒐有“必然会发生”的含意。例如：


17. She did not think too much of her unkind acts. However, they were to be harmful to herself, too.


18. Tom wasn't worried about his head injury, but it was to be troublesome for him later.


上述九种“Be+不定式动词”的语义，稍纵即逝，常常会不多留意，而且也不会时常用到它们，但是只要定睛注意，多少也会领略这些结构的个中味。

lspjy

进行时态表示的非进行意义







英语中，“be+现在分词”构成进行时态，表示动作正在发生或进行，这是一条人所共知的语法规则，但是由于语言表达的灵活性，使这种结构也具有许多别的意义和用法。本文拟就这方面的问题作一初步探讨。


（1）运动动词 go，come，drive，fly，travel，arrive，leave，start，set off及表示位置的动词 stay，remain等的进行时态表示将来时，通常指没有确定安排的决定或计划。如：


He is coming to New Jersey．


他打算到新泽西州来。


They are not going back to work until they get a rise．


他们要到加了薪水才复工。


现在这一使用范围已扩大到别的一些动词。表示最近将来的确定安排，但往往有一个表示未来时间的状语。如：


I'm seeing my guest off at the station tomorrow.


明天我要到车站为客人送行。


The court is hearing evidence this afternoon．


法庭今天下午听取证词。


（2）频度副词always，constantly，continually和forever等和进行时连用时，给现在或过去的动作披上一层感情色彩，并不强调动作在进行。


①表示讨厌、不满，带有埋怨情绪，指责某人一贯的行径。如:


He is forever boasting．他老爱说大话。


②表示赞许、高兴。带夸奖口吻，称赞对方的一贯表现。如：


You are always doing well．你总是干得很不错。


（3）某些瞬间动词如：hit，jump，kick，knock和see（看见）等的进行时可以表示动作的重复。如：


The child was jumping with joy．这孩子高兴得直跳。


I'm seeing a lot of Joan at the library．


我常在图书馆看见琼。


（4）用hope，find，want，wonder等的进行时态是一种婉转的说话语气，如是过去进行时形式则更显得客气、委婉。如：


We are hoping you will get well soon．


我们希望你很快康复。


What were you wanting？您想要点什么吗？


在问到一段时间怎么度过，过去进行时要比一般过去时有礼貌。


What were you doing before you came here？你来这儿之前做些什么工作？（这比What did you do…？听起来更有礼貌。）


（5）某些心态动词或情态动词的进行时表示“几乎”、“差一点”等含义。相当于nearly do/be on the point of doing…。如：


I'm forgetting（=nearly forget）that I promised to take you to Shanghai．我差一点忘了我曾答应过要带你去上海的。


He was believing what the cheat said．


他差一点听信了那个骗子的话。


（6）进行时还可以表示动作的暂时性，并不是说话时在进行的动作。如：


My watch is working perfectly．


我的表走得很准。（强调手表目前走得准，如果是说：My watch works perfectly．在于说明手表走得准这一优点。）


状态动词be的进行时态（be being）后面接行为形容词，如 brave，careful, stupid，clever，foolish，polite，kind和shy等时为主语所表现的非一贯性特点或故意的行为。如：


You are being very clever today．


你今天表现得很聪明。（表明这是例外。）


He is being polite．


他装模作样地客气起来了。（故意行为）。


（7）进行时态可以表示动作发展的过程，可接时间状语从句，但不接具体时间状语。如：


The wind was rising．起风了。


I think the cat's going mad．


我认为那只猫发疯了。


（8）在一定场合和语气中，进行时态有否定意义。


You are telling me．


这事不用你说。（我早就知道了。）


You are wasting time!


别浪费时间了！（不耐烦了。）


（9）过去完成时还可表示到过去某段时间为止刚刚开始的动作。


By the time he was ten，Edison was already doing his experiments in Chemistry. 爱迪生十岁时，已经开始做化学实验了。


（10）用于描绘文字中，展现出生动的景象；或用来描述故事发生的背景，此时须用过去进行时并和一般过去时（仅为叙述）连用。


One car after another is speeding by on the freeway．


在高速公路上车子穿梭般地一辆接一辆飞逝而过。

lspjy

几种带有否定词的比较句型



刘勇



英语中表示比较的句型相当多，如果句型中插进了一个否定词，其意义和用法就很难掌握，下面介绍几种常见的表达方式：


1．no better than：表示“和……一样；实际等于……”，如：


He is no better than a beggar. 他实际上等于一个乞丐。


The invalid is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的情况和昨天一样。


He has no better a say in the matter than I have. 他和我一样在这件事上没有发言权。


2．not. . . any more than或no more. . . than：表示“同……一样不”，如：


I could no more do that than you. I could not do that any more than you. 你不能做这件事，我也不能做。


He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar. 我不是一个学者，他也不是一个诗人。


This story is no more interesting than that one. 这个故事和那个故事一样没有趣味。


He is no more able to read German than I am. 他和我一样都不懂德语。


3．not so much. . . as：表示“与其……不如……”


He is not so much a writer as a reporter. 他与其说是个作家，不如说是个记者。


Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.


你的解释没有起到启发作用，反而把我们弄糊涂了。


Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分隔了世界，不如说海洋联结了世界。


I don't so much dislike him as hate him. 我与其说不喜欢他，不如说我恨他。


4．nothing like：表示“没有什么能比得上……”


There is nothing like home. 金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。


There is nothing like walking as a means of keeping fit. 没有比散步来保持健康更好的了。


There is nothing like leather for shoes. 做鞋用皮革再好没有了。


5．nothing like（或near）as（或so）... as：表示“远远不像……那样”


This novel is nothing near so interesting as that one. 这篇小说远远不及那篇小说有趣。


The book is nothing like as difficult as I expected. 这本书远没有我想像的那么难懂。


His analysis of the poem is nothing like as penetrating as yours. 他对这首诗的分析远没有你的分析那样透彻。


6．no less … than：表示“和……一样”


He is no less active than he used to be. 他和从前一样活跃。


His mind is no less alert than yours. 他的思路和你的一样敏捷。


Our soldiers fought with no less daring than skill. 我们的士兵作战的英勇不亚于他们的战斗技能。

lspjy

通过比较级和最高级表示否定意义







众所周知，英语中的形容词和副词有比较级和最高级两种形式。这两种形式除了分别表示两者之间和两者以上之间的比较外，还可用来表示否定意义。这种用法主要见于：


1．know better than+不定式。这种结构意为“不至于”：


She knows better than to go alone on such a night.


在这样的夜晚，她不至于连不宜单独外出也不知道。


know better than to do sth.的含义是be wiser,better informed,or more sensible than to do or believe sth.


以此类推，下列三句有类似意义，如：


I am wiser than to believe that．


我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事。


You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes．


你的法语较好，不至于犯这样的错误。


He is more experienced than to do such a thing．


他比较有经验，不至于做这样的事。


2．more than…can。这种句型形式上是肯定，实际上有否定含义，如：


The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear．


街上的男孩变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。


The beauty of the place is more than I can describe．


那地方美得无法形容。


This is more than I can tell．


这我简直不懂。


He has bitten off more than he can chew．


他承担了力所不及的事。


3．用the last，the least等最高级形式表示强烈的否定意义，如：


He would be the last man to say such things．


他决不会说这样的话。


This is the last place where I expected to meet you．


我万万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。


That was the least of his worries．


那可是他最不担心的事情。

lspjy

英语中部分否定的几种表示方法







英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：


一、 all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：


Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。


Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。


二、 both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：


I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。


Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。


三、 every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如：


Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。


Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。


This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。


四、 always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：


He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。


五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如：


The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。


He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。


I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。


What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。


六、 all the time 的否定式："并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：


A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。


七、 not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：


He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。


This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。


She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。


如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。


He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。


如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等。例如：


All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.


Both are good.---Neither is good.


Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.


He is always late. --- He is never late.


We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.


He was here all the time. --- He was never here.