[size=1em]第十七课时 动词的时态(三) 教学重点 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般将来时 (1)一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用:tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如 I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday. I’ll be there in half an hour. We’ll arrive tomorrow. (2)一般将来时的构成 ① be going to + 动词原形。Be随主语人称和数的变化而变化,否定句在be后面加not, 疑问句是将be放到主语之后。例如: It’s going to be fine tomorrow. He isn’t going to speak at the meeting. What are you going to do next? ② will +动词原形。Will可以和各种人称及数的主语连用。否定句在will后加not,缩写成won’t,疑问句需将will提至主语之前。例如: We will have a basketball match next week. Will you come to the party? I son’t lend it to you. ③ shall + 动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称I / we的句中,疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如: When and where shall we meet ? Shall I turn on the TV ? (3) 一般将来时的基本用法。 ① “be going to +动词原形”表示“意图”,即打算、计划要做某事。如: Are you going to post the letter ? How long is he going to stay here ? ② “be going to + 动词原形”还可以表示“预见”,即现在已有迹象表明将要发生的事。如: There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain. It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late. ③ “will + 动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如: He will help you if you ask him. They will come back tomorrow. 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一般将来时类似,只需将助动词改为过去式。 am/ is/ are going to + 动词原形→was/ were going to + 动词原形 will + 动词原形→ would + 动词原形 should + 动词原形 → should + 动词原形 例如: You knew I would come. He asked me when he would see me again. Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.
[size=1em]第十八课时 动词的时态(四)教学重点 现在进行时 过去进行时 1、现在进行时 (1)现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由“be + 动词的现在分词”构成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑问句则将be提到主语之前。 (1) 现在分词的构成 变化规则 | | 一般情况直接加-ing | do—doing help ---- helping | 以不发音的e结尾的,去-e加-ing | take---taking have ---- having | 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写此辅音字母再加-ing | stop ---- stopping set ---- setting begin----beginning drop---dropping |
(3)现在进行时的用法。 ① 表示说话时正在进行的动作。如: What are you doing ?Who are you waiting for ? I’m cooking ② 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作,但说话时不一定在进行。如: He is working in a factory.She is translating look now. ③ 表示不断重复的动作。如: The boy is always asking some strange questions. The children are singing and dancing. ④ 表示位置移动的动词,可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如: When are you starting ?I’m leaving tomorrow. 2、过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。 过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其构成和现在进行时类似,只需将be变为相应的过去式:was/ were + 动词-ing。如: What were you doing this time yesterday ? When I was watering the garden, it began to rain. I was watching TV. I was writing while my mother was cooking. 教学难点: ① 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后,另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如: When I was watering the garden, it began to rain. 当我在花园浇水时,突然下雨了。 While we were having a party, the lights went out. ② 过去进行时还可以表示两个过去的动作同时进行,这时可用连接词while引导。如: George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio. ③ “was going + 不定式”表示过去打算。如 He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算当我们的领队。 ④ 过去进行时与一般过去的区别 过去进行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如: I was typing letters last night. I typed some letters last night.
[size=1em]第十九课时 动词的时态(五)教学重点 现在完成时(一) 现在完成时 (1)现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响(或结果),这个动作或状态可能已经结束,也可能还要持续下去。 其构成形式是: have/ has + 动词过去分词 否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t 疑问句要将have/ has放到主语之前。 (2)现在完成时的用法。 ① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有:already, yet, ever, never, just等。如: I have already finished the work. Have you ever been to Beijing? He has never seen such a nice car. ② 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如: for + 时间段; since + 时间点(表时间段);时间段+ago;一般过去时态。如: I have taught in this school for ten years. I have taught in this school since ten years ago. ③ for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”,所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词,不能用非延续性动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间,如:live, work, study, teach, stay等,非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续,是短暂的、瞬间完成的,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。 许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示: leave ---- be away fromarrive ---- be in go ---- be awaycome ---- be in / atfinish ---- be over buy ---- haveborrow ---- keepdie ---- be dead join ---- be in/be a member ofbegin ---- be on 如:He has goneHe has been away for an hour I have bought a watchI have had the watch for several days ④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to have/ has been to :曾去过 have/ has gone to :已去,去了(不在说话现场,在途中或已经到达) My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国 My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国 (3)现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较 ① 一般过去时只单纯表示过去,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以不能和确定的过去的时间状语连用。如: We have visited the farm(现在对农场有所了解) We visited the farm last week(说明上周参观农场这件事) ② 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如: When did you lose your cat ? I lost it last night.I found it in the garden.
[size=1em]第二十课时 动词的时态(六)教学重点 现在完成时(二) 过去完成时 现在完成时难点: ① 由since引导的时间状语,它们的主句通常使用完成时态。 He has taught English since 1970. It has been a long time since I last saw you. ② 只有在It is …since…这种结构中,主句的谓语才可用一般现在时,现在完成时或一般过去时。如: It’s ten years since I left school. It’s a long time since I saw you last. ③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,这类动词有: begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish, join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等,如: 不能说:His father has died for three years. 只能说:His father died three years ago. 不能说:He has left home for two months. 只能说:He left home two months ago. ④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since时间状语连用。如: I haven’t seen him for a long time. I haven’t heard from him since he left. She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job. ⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的区别。 Have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”,表示曾到过某处,但现在人不在那儿;have gone to意思是“去了”,表示已经去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如: Has she ever been to Nanjing ? You have never been there before, have you? I have been to Guilin, I went there last year. 总之,have been to讲的是过去的情况,强调去过或没有,着重于到目前为止的一个结果,而have gone to指现在人在不在,只用于第三人称,不用于第一、第二人称,不能用来代替have been to. 2、过去完成时 (1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是:had + 动词过去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。 (2)用法 ① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。如: The meeting had begun when we got there. He said he had seen the film. ② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。如: The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there. She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
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