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nit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.(I)
一、知识概述
1.学习和掌握本单元出现的生单词、词组和句型。
2.学习和掌握过去完成时的含义和用法。
3.积极参与课堂听力训练、课堂口语交流;培养用原始材料进行口语交际和写作的能力;掌握过去完成时的用法,学会运用该时态表述事件的发生。
二、单元重难点解析
1.By the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.
当我起床时,我的哥哥已经在洗淋浴了。
by the time意为“到……时,在……以前”,引导时间状语从句,主句常用过去完成时。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,其结构为had+动词的过去分词形式。
e.g.By the time I came in, Tom had written his name on the blackboard。
当我进来时,汤姆已经把他的名字写在黑板上了。
注意:若by the time后的从句表示将来发生的事情,则主句谓语动词用将来完成时态。
e.g.I will have finished my homework by the time my father comes back.
在我爸爸回来之前我将已经完成家庭作业了。
By the time they get there, we’ll have finished the work.
当他们到达那里时,我们将已经完成这项工作了。
2.I overslept.
我睡过头了。
oversleep(overslept,overslept),意为“睡过头,睡得过久”,是由over与sleep构成的合成词。
e.g.He overslept and missed the train.
他睡过头了,没赶上火车。
拓展:前缀over-可表示“太;过于;上面;额外……”。
overage 超龄的
oversize 特大的
overwork 过度劳累
overcoat 大衣
3.When I got home, I realized I had left my keys in the backpack.
当我到家时,我意识到我把钥匙忘在了背包里。
leave(left,left)在此为及物动词,意为“忘了带”。常用结构:leave+宾语+地点状语,意为“把某物忘在某处(地)”。
e.g.He left his umbrella on the train.
他把雨伞忘在火车上了。
我把作业忘在家里了。
(×)I forgot my homework at home.
(√)I left my homework at home.
记忆口诀:“忘记某物”真特殊,后有地状用leave。(“地状”为地点状语。)
4.Luckily, Carl’s dad saw me on the street and gave me a lift in his car.
幸运的是,卡尔的爸爸在街上看见了我并开车捎了我一程。
luckily副词,意为“幸运地”,常位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾。其名词是luck,形容词是lucky,反义词是unluckily。
e.g.Luckily, he wasn’t hurt badly.
幸运的是,他伤得不重。
give sb. a lift意为“捎某人一程”,也可说成give sb. a ride。
e.g.He often gives me a lift to the library.
他经常捎我去图书馆。
5.How did the writer end up missing both events?
作者最后怎样错过了这两件事?
end up意为“结束,告终”,相当于finish,后面常接名词、代词或动词-ing形式,常用
于end up with中,表示“以……告终”,up可以省去。其反义词组为begin with。
e.g.If you do that, you’ll end up with egg on your face.
你要是那样做,必将出洋相。
If you continue to steal, you’ll end up in prison.
你要是继续行窃,早晚得进监狱。
We didn’t like it at first, but we ended up cheering.
开始我们并不喜欢它,但最后我们却为之欢呼。
miss用作及物动词,意为“错过;未赶上”。后接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。miss doing
sth. 意为“错过做某事”。
e.g.You must get up early, or you’ll miss the early bus.
你必须早起,否则你会错过早班车。
I missed taking part in the sports meeting.
我错过参加那次运动会了。
6.Life is full of the unexpected.
生活充满了意外。
(1)be full of意为“充满;满是……”,其中full为形容词,意为“满的”。
e.g.The bottle is full of water.
瓶子里装满了水。
辨析:be full of,be filled with
①be full of 充满;装满,属主系表结构,侧重于状态。
e.g.The room is full of people.
房间里挤满了人。
②be filled with充满;装满,是fill…with的被动语态。
e.g.The bottle is filled with sand.
瓶子里装满了沙子。
(2)unexpected形容词,意为“出乎意料的;始料不及的”;其反义词为expected,意为“预期的;预料的”。
e.g.I’m surprised at the unexpected news.
听到这个意外的消息,我很惊讶。
7.We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building.
我用怀疑的目光凝视着从正在燃烧的大楼上升起的黑烟。
(1)stare不及物动词,意为“盯着看;凝视”。常用短语stare at意为“凝视;盯着看”。
e.g.It’s rude to stare at people.
盯着人看不礼貌。
Her eyes stared straight ahead.
她双眼凝视着前方。
拓展:stare还可作可数名词,意为“凝视;注视”。
e.g.He looked at me with a cold stare.
他冷漠地凝视着我。
(2)disbelief不可数名词,意为“不相信;怀疑”。in disbelief意为“怀疑地,难以置信地”。
e.g.He listened in disbelief to this strange story.
他满腹疑惑地听着这个奇怪的故事。
(3)above为介词,意为“在……上面”。
e.g.The plane flew above the clouds.
飞机在云层上方飞行。
辨析:above,over与on
这三个词均有“在……上”之意,其区别如下:
① above 表示地理、空间位置,无“垂直”之意,可指“高于……”,但不接触另一物,反义词为below。
② over指一物体在另一物体的垂直上方,表示“在……正上方”,也不接触另一物,反义词为under。
③ on 表示“在……上面”,常与另一物接触,反义词为beneath。
e.g.The temperature will stay above zero in the day time.
白天的气温将保持在零度以上。
The light is over my head.
灯在我的头上方。
There are some books on the desk.
桌子上有一些书。
(4)burn此处用作动词,意为“着火;燃烧”。burning是现在分词作定语修饰building。
e.g.You’d better keep the fire burning in the evening.
晚上你最好让炉火继续燃烧。
拓展:
① burn可作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语。
e.g.The milk has burnt.
牛奶已烧焦。
The child burned his fingers while playing with fire.
那个孩子玩火时烧伤了手指。
② burn还可用作可数名词,意为“烧伤,燃烧”。
e.g.There is a burn on the table top.
桌面上有一块燃烧的痕迹。
8.I felt lucky to be alive.
我感到很幸运我还活着。
alive形容词,意为“活着的;有生气的”。用在连系动词be等之后作表语,有时也用在名词之后,可修饰人或物,但不能用在名词之前,即不能作前置定语。
e.g.The fish is still alive.
鱼还是活的。
She didn’t say whether he was still alive.
她没说他是否还活着。
9.But by the time I got to the airport, my plane to New Zealand had already taken off.
但是当我到机场时,飞往新西兰的飞机已经起飞了。
take off意为“(飞机等)起飞”。
e.g.The plane took off an hour later.
飞机一个小时后起飞了。
take off的其他含义:
拓展:
① 脱下,摘掉
e.g.My coat is too dirty. I’ll take it off.
我外套太脏了。我要把它脱下来。
② 匆匆离开,急忙离去
e.g.When he saw me coming, he took off in the opposite direction.
他见我走过来,便急忙转身离开了。
③ 休假;休息
e.g.I have decided to take a few days off next week.
我已决定下周休息几天。
9.My bad luck had unexpectedly turned into a good thing.
我的坏运气出乎意料的变成了一件好事。
(1)unexpectedly 副词,意为“出乎意料地”。其形容词为unexpected,意为“想不到的,意外的,突然的”。
e.g.I finished work unexpectedly early.
我意外地提前完成了工作。
His idea was unexpected.
他的主意出人意料。
助记:expect(期待;预期)expected(adj. 预期的)
expectedly(adv. 预期地)
反义词:unexpected(adj. 意外的)反义词unexpectedly(adv. 意外地)
(2)turn into意为“变成”。
e.g.Caterpillars turn into butterflies.
毛毛虫变成蝴蝶。
拓展:
① turn…into…意为“把……变成……”。
e.g.The famers are turning waste land into rice fields.
农民们正把荒地变成稻田。
②含有turn的常用短语:
turn on 打开
turn off 关闭
turn down 关小;拒绝
turn up 调大
10.When she went into the movie theater, she remembered she had forgotten to feed her dog.
当她进入电影院时,她想起她忘了喂狗。
forget(forgot,forgotten)及物动词,意为“忘,忘记”,反义词是remember。
e.g.He forgot to close the windows.
他忘记关窗户了。
I forgot meeting him in Beijing.
我忘记曾在北京见过他了。
辨析:forget to do sth与forget doing sth.
① forget to do sth. 强调事情没有做,对要做的事情忘记了。
e.g.Don’t forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。(强调to come动作未做)
② forget doing sth. 强调某事过去已经做过,对所做的事情忘记了。
e.g.I forgot borrowing a book from you.
我忘记曾经向你借过书。(强调borrow动作做了)
Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.(II)
一、知识概述
1.学习和掌握本单元出现的生单词、词组和句型。
2.学习和掌握过去完成时的含义和用法。
3.积极参与课堂听力训练、课堂口语交流;培养用原始材料进行口语交际和写作的能力;掌握过去完成时的用法,学会运用该时态表述事件的发生。
二、单元重难点解析
1.By the time people realized that the story was a hoax, all of the spaghetti across the country had been sold out.
当人们意识到这个故事是一个骗局时,全国所有的意大利面条都已经卖光了。
sell out为动词短语,意为“卖完,卖光”。其中sell是动词,意为“卖,销售”,其过去式、过去分词都是sold,反义词是buy,名词形式是sale。此处be sold out 意为“被卖光”。
e.g.The shop sold out all the shirts.
这家商店的衬衫都卖光了。
The match tickets were completely sold out.
比赛的门票全都售完了。
2.In another famous trick a TV show in England reported the discovery of special water.
另一个著名的恶作剧是,英国的一个电视节目报道发现了一种特别的水。
discovery名词,意为“发现;发觉”。discovery的复数形式为discoveries。
e.g.New scientific discoveries are being made every day.
每天都有新的科学发现。
discover为动词,意为“发现;发觉”。
e.g.Columbus discovered America.
哥伦布发现了美洲。
3.He asked her to marry him. The lady was so happy because she really wanted to get married.
他请求她嫁给他。这位女士很高兴,因为她真的很想结婚。
marry作及物动词时,意为“结婚;嫁;娶”。marry sb.意为“和某人结婚”。marry sb. to…意为“把……嫁给……;让……娶……”。
e.g.He married a pretty girl.
他娶了一位漂亮的姑娘。
The old man married his daughter to a rich businessman.
那位老人把他的女儿嫁给了一个富商。
拓展:
① marry也用作不及物动词,意为“结婚”。
e.g.He did not marry until he was fifty.
他直到50岁才结婚。
② get married意为“结婚”。get married to sb. 意为“与某人结婚”。表示动作,后面不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。在表示“和某人结婚”这一状态时,常用be married to sb.结构,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
e.g.Lucy and Joe got married last week.
露西和乔上周结婚了。
They have been married for ten years.
他们已经结婚10年了。
4.The TV star lost his girlfriend and his show was canceled.
那个电视明星失去了他的女朋友,而且他的节目也被取消了。
cancel此处用作及物动词,意为“取消;终止”。主语可以是人,也可以是抽象的事物,后接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。
e.g.He canceled his order for the goods.
他取消了货物订单。
拓展:cancellation为名词,意为“取消;废除”。
e.g.He told me about the cancellation of the match.
他告诉我了关于比赛取消的消息。
注意:cancel的过去式和过去分词是canceled或cancelled,现在分词为canceling或cancelling。
5.Which of these stories is the most believable?
这些故事中哪一个是最可信的?
believable为形容词,意为“可相信的,可信任的”。其比较级为more believable,最高级为most believable。
e.g.Her explanation certainly sounded believable.
她的解释听起来的确可信。
Fiction is more believable. This is very common as well.
小说更具有可信性:这也是一个很普遍的现象。
6.By the time people found out the story was not true, all the spaghetti in the supermarkets had disappeared.
当人们发现这个故事不是真的的时候,超市里所有的意大利面条已经不见了。
disappear为不及物动词,意为“消失;不见”。一般指具体、有形的东西、事物突然或逐渐地不见,强调“看不见了”、“不再存在了”的结果。
e.g.The sun disappeared behind a cloud.
太阳消失在一片云后。
拓展:
① dis-为否定前缀,主要加在名词、形容词和动词之前。dis-为否定前缀的词还有:
dislike 不喜欢
dishonest 不诚实的
disagree 不同意
disorder 无序;混乱
② appear为动词,意为“出现;露面”。还可意为“出版”,相当于come out。
e.g.A ship appears on the horizon.
一艘船出现在地平线上。
His book appeared in 1998.
他的书在1998年出版了。
7.By the time police officers told the country that the story was a hoax, many people had run away from their homes.
当警官告诉全国的人们这个故事是一个骗局时,许多人已经逃离了她们的家园。
run away意为“逃跑;逃脱”;run away from意为“从……逃脱;回避;逃避”。
e.g.The teenager ran away after being punished.
那个青少年受到惩罚之后就逃跑了。
It’s best not to run away from your problems.
最好不要逃避你的问题。
三、语法点拨:过去完成时
1.过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去( past-in-the-past )”。
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那时以前 那时 现在
构成:过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称,即过去完成时没有人称和数的变化。
e.g.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.
2.过去完成时的判断依据
(1)由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
① by + 过去的时间点。
e.g.I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
② by the end of + 过去的时间点。
e.g.We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
③ before + 过去的时间点。
e.g.They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
(2)由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
① 宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
e.g.She said that she had seen the film before.
② 状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。
e.g.When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意:before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。
e.g.Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
③ 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……”。
e.g.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
(3)根据上、下文来判定。
e.g.I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
3.过去完成时的主要用法
(1)过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。
e.g.When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)
(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
e.g.He told me that he had written a new book.
他告诉我他已经写了一本新书。
(had written 发生在 told 之前 )
(3)过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及 by, before, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
e.g.Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
她来中国之前,她已经在一所中学教了大约5年的英语。
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
到他10岁时皮特已经收集了300多张中国邮票。
(4)过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
e.g.By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.
截止到去年年底,他已经在这家工厂工作了20年。
(had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
(5)过去完成时也用于hardly...when...(刚……就……), no sooner...than... (刚……就……), It was the first time + that等一些固定句型中。
e.g.He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him.
他刚离开房间,他们就议论起他来。
We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.
他用这样的语调跟我讲话,这是第一次。
4.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以现在的时间为基点,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,已过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。
比较:I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
—I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
对不起,让你久等了。
—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么,我只等了几分钟。
(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
5.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
(1)时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
(2)在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
(3)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and或but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before, after, as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
e.g.He entered the room, turned on the light and watched TV |
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