非谓语动词的用法

中华

初中英语新教材一改旧教材过分强调语法的作用，强调语言的交际能力，注重听、说、读、写、译、演基本技能的综合的训练。新教材扩大了信息量、词汇量，非常具有时代性、实用性。但新教材淡化了语法，几乎没有语法的系统讲解，笔者认为，英语教学中不能过分强调语法作用，但也不能完全不学语法，因为没有较好的语法基本功就不会有好的交际能力。针对初中学生对非谓语动词比较茫然的现状，对其用法作如下总结。

一、非谓语动词的种类

非谓语动词，顾名思义，即不能作句子的谓语用的动词，也称动词的非限定形式。主要分为动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词和动名词四种，非谓语动词也有动词的特征，可有自己的状语和宾语。

二、动词不定式（The Infinitive）

动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，有加“to”和省to两种形式，可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语，宾语补足语、状语等成份。

1、动词不定式作主语。

To get an Injection is a little painful.

To complain too much isn’t a good thing.

注：（1）不定式作主语，整个结构看成一个整体，谓语用单数形式，还可用it作形式主语而把不定式放于句末，保持句子平衡。如

It takes me two hours to finish my English homework.

It’s difficult to Learn English Well.

(2)不定式作主语有两种特殊结构，一般认为是由for 或of引导其逻辑主语，如

It’s important for us learn a foreign language.

It’s difficult for us to finish it on time.

It’s kind /good/nice of you to help me.

It’s clever /foolish/polite/careful/careless of you to do that.

2、动词不定式作表语。

My job is to feed animals.

Our duty is to keep the classroom clean and tidy.

His wish is to become a singer.

3、动词不定式作宾语

He wants to borrow a book from me.

I hope to see my pen friend as soon as possible.

Children love to play games.

I found it difficult to get on with him.(it为形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式)

注：不定式有时与疑问句where, how, what, which, when, who 等连用，作动词的宾语。

如：               What to do

I don’t know  How to do it

                  Where to go

                  When to set off

                  Which one to choose

                  Who to ask

He gave a talk on how to study English Well.

4、不定式作定语

Would you like something to drink /to read/to eat?

I have a lot of homework to do.

I have something important to tell you.

5、不定式作宾语补足语。分省“to”和加“to”两种。

I told him to do it himself.(加to)

He asked me to buy some oranges for him.（加to）

Ｗe didn’t expect him to be the winner.(加to)

I often saw him go to the cinema last year.(省to)

Please let the boy come in.（省to）

The boss makes the workers work ten hours a day.(省to)

注：感观动词（see, watch, notice, hear, feel）和使役动词（have, let , make）后用省to不定式作宾补，但改成被动语态时，不定式前加to，宾语补语相应变成主语补语。

如；The workers are made to work ten hours a day.

6、作状语

They went to the shop to buy some school things.(目的状语)

My sister to young to go to school.（结果状语）

三、现在分词（The Present Participle）和过去分词（The Past Participle）

现在分词由动词加“ing”构成（构成方式略）表示主动或正在进行；过去分词由规则动词加“ed”或查不规则动词表，一般表示被动或动作已完成。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，可在句中作表语定语，状语、宾补等成份。

1、作表语

The news is exciting.

The result is amazing

The window is broken.

The door is locked.

2、作定语

Do you know the young man standing under the tree?

The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt.

I like to read books written by LuXun.

She asked Grandma to put a bookmark in each of the borrowed books.

Then we can see many dinosaurs discovered by you in the museums.

3、作状语

A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果)

They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随）

Given more time, I can finish the work myself.（条件）

4、作宾补

I hear a girl singing in the next room.

I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.

We had our pictures taken in the middle of the square.

四、动名词（The Gerund）

在形式上，动名词与现在分词无法区别，但现在分词里一个动词性的形容词，而动名词则是一个动词性的名词，它具有名词的绝大多数特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾补等成份。

1、作主语

Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）

Selling computers to foreign countries is his job.

Picking apples is much better than having classes.

注：动名词作主语可与表语对调位置；有时也可用it作形式主语，而将动名词放于句末。如：

His job is selling computers to foreign countries.（主语与表语可互换）

It’s no use complaining about others.

2、作表语

His job is feeding animals.

The only thing that I want to do is sleeping.

3、作宾语，分为动词宾语与介词宾语两种。

Tom enjoys living in Beijing.

Have you finished reading that novel?

Would you mind my opening the door.

I often practice speaking English with foreigners.

Thank you for teaching us so well.

What about going fishing tomorrow?

注：有些动词后加不定式和动名词作宾语有两种截然不同的含义。

如：go on to do sth．（接着做另一件事）

    go on doing sth．（继续做同一件事）

    forget /remember to do sth．（记住或忘记去做某事，还未做）

    forget /remember doing sth．（记住或忘记做过某事，事先已做过）

    stop to do sth．（停下来做某事）

    stop doing sth．（停止做某事）

4、作定语

    a swimming pool 游泳池             a sleeping car 卧铺车厢

    a reading room       阅览室           a walking stick       手杖

注：现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的不同之处在于：现在分词相当于一个定语从句的作用，可改成定语从句，而动名词相当于一个名词作定语，说明被修饰词的类别、功能或性质，不可以改成定语从句。

The sleeping child=the child who is sleeping

The woman talking with my father is my English teacher.

=The woman who is talking with my father is my English teacher.

总之，非谓语动词是一种既复杂又简单的动词的非限定形式，只要同学们平时多注意总结、积累，就一定能揭开它神秘的面纱，在英语的交际中运筹帷幄，应用自如。



参考文献：

1、《实用英语语法》张道真著

2、《综合英语语法》（英）C.E.埃克斯利，J.M.埃克斯利著