|
地板
楼主 |
发表于 2008-10-9 07:30:00
|
只看该作者
回复:穷理查德的年鉴
修改
确保你写作风格的每一个方面都能适应因特网的快速步伐的需要。如果你看到这个网页的话,会有兴趣点击链接吗?对你发现的弱项进行返工。
Guide for Interpreting
Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790)
From his teen years until his retirement at forty-two,Benjamin Franklin worked as a printer. Franklin got his start as an apprentice to his brother,a Boston printer. By the time he was sixteen,he was not only printing,but writing parts of his brother’s newspaper. Using the name “Silence Dogood,” Franklin satirizeddaily life and politics in Boston,His printing career gave birth to one of Franklin’s most popular and enduring contributions to American culture,Poor Richard’s Almanack. This annual publication,which Franklin published from 1732 through 1757,contained information,observations,and advice that was very popular with readers of his day.
The “Write” Reputation Just as he had signed “Silence Dogood” to the lettershe wrote for his brother’s paper,Franklin created for the Ahnanack a fictitious author/editor,the chatty Richard Saunders(and his wife,Bridget). It was,however,well known that Franklin was the author. Despite the fact that he published under a pseudonym,the Almanack earned him a reputation as a talented writer.
Secret to Success Like most almanacs,Franklin’s contained practical information about the calendar,the sun and moon,and the weather.
Poor Richard’s Almanack also featured a wealth of homespun sayings and observations,many of which are still quoted today.
It was these aphorisms,with their characteristic moral overtones,that made the Almanack a bestseller. Franklin put an aphorism at the top or bottom of most pages of his almanacs. The wit and brevity of these sayings allowed Franklin to include many moral messages in very little space,while also entertaining his readers.
Franklin sold the almanac in 1758,and it continued publication under a different name until 1796. While Poor Richard’s Abnanack is no longer with us,the aphorisms that enlivened its pages under Franklin live on as classic bits of Americana.
Background for Understanding
SOCIAL STUDIES: THE PROVERB TRADITION
Most of Benjamin Franklin’s aphorisms are adapted from anonymous traditional or folk sayings,known as proverbs. Franklin,who believed that clarity and brevity were two of the most important characteristics of good prose,rewrote many proverbs,crafting short,direct,witty sayings that taught a lesson.
Proverbs are nearly as old as language itself. They have many different purposes and are used in different types of situations — to amuse,to educate to sanction,to shame,to make a point,or to add color to a conversation.
As expressions of basic principles of folk wisdom drawn from he daily experiences of a group of people,proverbs exist in all societies. They reflect a particular culture’s view of the world and convey feelings about fate,the seasons,the natural world,work and effort,love,death,and other universal experiences. These memorable bits of wisdom have survived centuries,perhaps because they reflect unchanging truths about human nature.
Literature and your Life
CONNECT YOUR EXPERIENCE
“No pain,no gain.” “Garbage In,Garbage Out” You see sayings like these on bumper stickers, T-shirts,and billboards. Though such snippets of pop-wisdom are more likely to originate in entertainment media than an almanac,they mirror modern social values,just as Franklin’s aphorisms reflect the values of colonial America.
Journal Writing Think of at least three contemporary aphorisms. What do they say about our culture? Write your answers in your journal.
THEMATIC FOCUS: DEFINING AN AMERICAN
Franklin’s aphorisms were so influential that even this early United States coin was stamped “mind your business”, a motto supposedly suggested by Franklin. His sayings helped shape the nation’s image as a country of people who prized hard work and common sense.
Literary Focus
APHORISMS
You may find that you are already familiar with many of the witty sayings,or aphorisms,from Poor Richard’s Almanack. An aphorism is a short,concise statement expressing a wise or clever observation or a general truth. A variety of devices make aphorisms easy to remember. Some contain rhymes or repeated words or sounds; others use parallel structure to present contrasting ideas. The aphorism “no pain,no gain” for instance,uses rhyme,repetition,and parallel structure.
Poor Richard’s Almanack
Benjamin Franklin
Fools make feasts,and wise men eat them.
Be slow in choosing a friend,slower in changing.
Keep thy shop,and thy shop will keep thee.
Early to bed,early to rise,makes a man healthy,wealthy,and wise.
Three may keep a secret if two of them are dead.
God helps them that help themselves.
The rotten apple spoils his companions.
An open foe may prove a curse; but a pretended friend is worse.
Have you somewhat to do tomorrow,do it today.
A true friend is the best possession.
A small leak will sink a great ship.
No gains without pains.
Tis easier to prevent bad habits than to break them.
Well done is better than well said.
Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time; for that’s the stuff life is made of.
Write injuries in dust,benefits in marble.
A slip of the foot you may soon recover,but a slip of the tongue you may never get over.
If your head is wax,don’t walk in the sun.
A good example is the best sermon.
Hunger is the best pickle.
Genius without education is like silver in the mine.
For want of a nail the shoe is lost; for want of a shoe the horse is lost; for want of a horse the rider is lost.
Haste makes waste.
The doors of wisdom are never shut.
Love your neighbor;yet don’t pull down your hedge.
He that lives upon hope will die fasting.
|
|